{"status":true,"post":{"id":22871,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 14:21:57","created_at":"2020-09-03T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T11:21:57.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":22871,"is_featured":0,"title":"\u00dcreten Afrika t\u00fcketen Avrupa","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span>
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 10 milyon tona ula\u015fan global kahve \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 16\u2019s\u0131 Afrika\u2019da. Anavatan\u0131 Afrika olan kahve, 90 \u00fclkede \u00fcretiliyor. B\u00f6ylece 25 milyon \u00e7ift\u00e7iye do\u011frudan, 110 milyon insana ise dolayl\u0131 istihdam sa\u011flan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span>
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D\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm \u00fcretimin y\u00fczde 79\u2019u hi\u00e7 kahve yeti\u015ftirilmeyen Avrupa (y\u00fczde 53) ve ABD ile Kanada\u2019da (y\u00fczde 26) t\u00fcketiliyor. \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 10 kg. olan kahve t\u00fcketimi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise 1.1 kg. seviyesinde.<\/strong><\/span>
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\u0130nsano\u011flunun g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta vazge\u00e7emedi\u011fi i\u00e7eceklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen kahve, ilk \u00f6nce sadece eski ad\u0131yla Habe\u015fistan olarak bilinen Afrika\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Nijerya\u2019dan sonra en kalabal\u0131k ikinci \u00fclkesi olan Etiyopya\u2019da yeti\u015fen bir a\u011fa\u00e7t\u0131. Kaldi isimli bir \u00e7oban ke\u00e7ilerinin bir a\u011fac\u0131n meyvelerini yediklerinde daha hareketli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 fark edince, bunu k\u00f6y\u00fcndeki ke\u015fi\u015flere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp onlar\u0131n da s\u0131cak suya katarak i\u00e7meleriyle ayinlerde uyuklamalar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f. Uzun as\u0131rlar burada t\u00fcketilirken, 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yemen\u2019de yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 as\u0131rlar alm\u0131\u015f.<\/span>
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Yemenliler, 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda buna \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermi\u015fler ve ad\u0131na \u2018kahve\u2019 demi\u015fler. Ticaretini de Arap tacirler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in en makbul t\u00fcr\u00fcne de \u2018Arabica\u2019 denmi\u015f. Yemen\u2019de \u2018Moka\u2019 ad\u0131yla da tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. T\u00fcm Arabistan, M\u0131s\u0131r, Irak, Suriye ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul\u2019da 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7ok t\u00fcketilen bir i\u00e7ecek olmu\u015f. \u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131lar bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla kahve t\u00fcketicisi Avrupa toplumlar\u0131na kahveyi tan\u0131tan millet olarak biliniyor. Zira Avrupa, kahveyi ilk defa 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f, fakat bir as\u0131r i\u00e7inde bunu ticari metaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Afrika, Kongo Havzas\u0131 ve <\/span>
Bat\u0131 Afrika ile k\u0131tay\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde de \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar. <\/span>
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\u00c7EK\u0130RDEK T\u00dcRLER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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Kahvenin be\u015fi\u011fi Afrika\u2019da ne var ki Arabica t\u00fcr\u00fc, nemli ve y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131 seven bir bitki oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0130ngilizler, Frans\u0131zlar ve Portekizlilerce \u00e7o\u011fu s\u0131cak ve bazen de ciddi kurak olan baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde denendiyse de bitki \u00e7o\u011funa uyum sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015f. Fakat bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazar\u0131 giderek geni\u015fledi\u011fi i\u00e7in mutlaka bunu ba\u015farmaya karar vermi\u015fler ve Robusta, bir de Liberica diye yeni t\u00fcrleri bulmu\u015flar. Hatta Arabica ile Robusta kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Arabusta diye bir t\u00fcr\u00fc de yeti\u015ftirmi\u015fler. Ancak son iki \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketiminde yerel kal\u0131p d\u00fcnya piyasalar\u0131nda talep olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f.<\/span>
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Arabica aromas\u0131, hafifli\u011fi ve tad\u0131 ile tercih edilirken, y\u0131lda bir kez \u00fcretilebilmesi, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerlerin y\u00fcksek da\u011flarda yer almas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00fcreticili\u011fin y\u00fczde 80\u2019i el i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi istemesi, yeni t\u00fcrleri zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Robusta ise daha d\u00fcz arazilerde yeti\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fcretiminde teknolojiden fazlaca istifade ediliyor. \u015eimdilerde aralar\u0131nda \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 olarak fark var ve hen\u00fcz y\u00fczde 60 ile Arabica, y\u00fczde 40 kadar ile Robusta \u00fcretiliyor. <\/span>
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Bu, fiyatlara da yans\u0131yor. 1980\u2019lere kadar aralar\u0131ndaki fiyat fark\u0131 az iken, \u015fimdi y\u00fczde 20 civar\u0131nda olup Arabica \u00fccret bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz de\u011ferlili\u011fini koruyor. Bir\u00e7ok yeni \u00fcretici \u00fclke de \u00fcretimi kolay, y\u0131lda en az iki defa \u00fcr\u00fcn vermesi yan\u0131nda a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle Robusta\u2019y\u0131 tercih ediyor. \u015eimdilerde Afrika\u2019daki t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 65\u2019i Robusta, y\u00fczde 30\u2019u ise Arabica\u2019d\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer nokta ise \u0130ngilizlerin kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde genelde Arabica ekimine, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n ise Robusta\u2019ya a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeleri.<\/span>
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Kahve, Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Meksika\u2019dan Yeni Gine Papua\u2019ya kadar yay\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nce Karayip adalar\u0131, Orta Amerika ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da; daha sonra da Endonezya ile en son 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Vietnam ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere G\u00fcney <\/span>
Asya\u2019da; hatta B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus ada devletlerinde de yeti\u015ftiriliyor. <\/span>
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KA\u00c7 \u00dcLKE \u00dcRET\u0130C\u0130?<\/strong><\/span>
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D\u00fcnya kahve \u00fcretimi ve t\u00fcketimini d\u00fczenleyen Uluslararas\u0131 Kahve \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne her ne kadar 43 \u00fcretici \u00fclke \u00fcye olsa da toplamda 60\u2019\u0131 kalk\u0131nmakta olan 90 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkede bu \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ediliyor. Bu sebeple t\u00fcm \u00fcretici \u00fclkeler, 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi aralar\u0131nda belli konularda ortak hareket etmek i\u00e7in Kahve \u00dcreticileri Derne\u011fi\u2019ni kurdular.<\/span><\/p>

\u00dcretime Afrika\u2019dan sonra ba\u015flasa da Brezilya, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcm kahve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 30\u2019unu tek ba\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve ihracat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 63\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc kahveden elde ediyor. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Vietnam\u2019\u0131n bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretmesiyle ikinci s\u0131rada \u00fcretici konumuna gelmesi piyasalar\u0131 epeyce bir m\u00fcddet fiyat y\u00f6n\u00fcnden sarsm\u0131\u015f. Endonezya \u015fimdilerde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fcretici konumunu Kolombiya ile payla\u015f\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

Kahvenin anavatan\u0131 Etiyopya ise be\u015finci s\u0131rada ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclke ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Burundi, Ruanda ve Karayip adalar\u0131ndan Haiti ile d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomileri ciddi oranda bu ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn pazarlanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Afrika\u2019da Etiyopya (229 bin), Uganda (176 bin), Fildi\u015fi Sahili (170 bin), Kenya (51 bin), Kamerun (50.7 bin) ve Tanzanya (43.6 bin) en \u00e7ok kahve \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler. <\/span>
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EN BE\u011eEN\u0130LEN T\u00dcRLER AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA \u00dcRET\u0130L\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/span>
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Bir kahve a\u011fac\u0131 dikimini takiben 4. y\u0131ldan itibaren \u00fcr\u00fcn verebiliyor. Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr a\u011fa\u00e7tan kahve \u00fcretilse de 60 kadar\u0131 yok olma tehdidi alt\u0131nda bulunuyor. \u0130\u00e7lerinde en makbul\u00fc h\u00e2l\u00e2 Etiyopya\u2019da \u00e7ok miktarda bulunan Arabica\u2019n\u0131n yabani t\u00fcr\u00fc ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada be\u011fenilen kahve t\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu Afrika\u2019da. Bir\u00e7ok sebebe dayal\u0131 olarak gittik\u00e7e kaybolan t\u00fcrlerin yerine bu yabani cinsin \u00f6zenle gelecek i\u00e7in kal\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fcr olarak korunmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/span>
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T\u00dcKET\u0130C\u0130 \u00dcLKELER TEKEL KURMU\u015e<\/strong><\/span>
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Bizler millet olarak keyif vermesi kadar hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 da ilave ederiz kahveye\u2026 Avrupal\u0131lar ise bir taraftan gere\u011finden fazla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcketirler, di\u011fer taraftan en b\u00fcy\u00fck geliri elde ederler. \u00dcretene neredeyse eme\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile vermezler, dahas\u0131 bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kaderini <\/span>1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurduklar\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Kahve \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (International Coffee Organization-ICO) eliyle belirlerler. Hatta bunu g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilemez i\u00e7ece\u011fi yaparlar, kurduklar\u0131 ticari ve s\u0131nai a\u011flarla adeta petrol\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya ticaretinde dola\u015f\u0131mdaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ihra\u00e7 metas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcp beynelmilel pazar\u0131na da kimseyi yakla\u015ft\u0131rmazlar.<\/span>
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ICO, her \u00fcretici ve de her t\u00fcketici \u00fclkeyi \u00fcye olarak kabul etmiyor. Afrika\u2019da Reunion adl\u0131 Frans\u0131z ve Saint Helene isimli \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi iki ada hari\u00e7, az veya \u00e7ok kahve \u00fcreten 30\u2019u ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fclke var. Ama bunlardan sadece ihracat\u00e7\u0131 olarak 20 Afrika \u00fclkesini \u00fcye yapm\u0131\u015f. Di\u011fer k\u0131talardan da 23 ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclkeyi b\u00fcnyesine alm\u0131\u015f. B\u00f6ylece toplam 43 \u00fcyesi kahve ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, 28 Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcyesi \u00fclke yan\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Norve\u00e7 ile Rusya, Japonya ve tek Afrika \u00fclkesi olarak da Tunus ithalat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fcyesi. <\/span>

KAHVE K\u0130ME KAZANDIRIYOR?<\/strong><\/span>
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\u015eimdilerde ton olarak de\u011fil de daha \u00e7ok 60 kg\u2019l\u0131k \u00e7uvallarla \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 ifade edilen ve toplam 170 milyon \u00e7uval\u0131 bulan kahve \u00fcretimi, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar y\u0131ldan y\u0131la y\u00fczde 1.5 ila y\u00fczde 1.7 aras\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn gelecekte en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazarlar\u0131 bir taraftan \u00fcreten, di\u011fer taraftan \u00fcretmeyen Afrika \u00fclkelerinin olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019nde Avrupal\u0131 bir firman\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kahve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme fabrikas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcm ye\u015fil kahve \u00e7ekirde\u011fi hi\u00e7bir sanayi i\u015flemine tabi tutulmadan Hamburg ve Roterdam limanlar\u0131na sevk edilip buralardan da i\u015flenece\u011fi farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki tesislere g\u00f6nderiliyor.<\/span>
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Di\u011fer ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi kahvede de ekiminden \u00fcr\u00fcn elde edilene kadar eme\u011fi \u00e7eken \u00fcreticiler kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 zor doyururken ve kilosu bir dolar dahi etmeyen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u015flendikten sonra i\u00e7lerinde kilosu bin 500, 2 bin, hatta 3 bin dolara m\u00fc\u015fteri bulan t\u00fcrleri var. Ama her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda kahve \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve benzeri zirai \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda miktar olarak daha az uluslararas\u0131 pazara s\u00fcr\u00fclse de fiyat olarak y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli olmas\u0131 sebebiyle petrolden sonra ikinci \u00f6nemli ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/span>
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KAHVE T\u00dcKET\u0130M L\u0130G\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde az veya \u00e7ok kahve t\u00fcketiliyor. Takriben g\u00fcnde 1.6 milyar fincan kahvenin i\u00e7ildi\u011fi d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir durum s\u00f6z konusu. K\u0131saca, \u201cG\u00fcney \u00fcretir, kuzey t\u00fcketir\u201d diye bir kavram geli\u015fmi\u015f. Kahvenin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi, sadece tropikal b\u00f6lgelerde yeti\u015fmesi. Kuzey yar\u0131mk\u00fcre bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yeti\u015fmesine uygun de\u011fil. T\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin y\u00fczde 79\u2019u hi\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirilmeyen Avrupa (y\u00fczde 53) ve ABD ile Kanada\u2019da (y\u00fczde 26) t\u00fcketiliyor. Hatta Arabica\u2019n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi borsa New York\u2019ta, Robusta\u2019n\u0131nki ise Londra\u2019da. <\/span>
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Finlandiya, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 kg. t\u00fcketimle birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 al\u0131rken, di\u011fer \u0130skandinav \u00fclkeleri de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 10 kg. civar\u0131nda kahve i\u00e7iyor. Di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde ise en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcketimler de 6 kg. civar\u0131nda. \u2018T\u00fcrk kahvesi\u2019 ad\u0131yla pi\u015firilme tarz\u0131yla adeta marka olmu\u015f T\u00fcrkiye ise son y\u0131llardaki art\u0131\u015flarla ancak ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 1.1 kg. t\u00fcketir hale gelebilmi\u015f.<\/span>
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Bu da takriben 10 milyon ton kahvenin t\u00fcketildi\u011fi d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131nda \u00fclkemizde 100 bin tona denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Kahve \u00fcreticisi \u00fclkelerden sadece Brezilya ve ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131lda 200 bin fincan kahvenin i\u00e7ildi\u011fi ve \u00fcretiminin 127 bin tonunun i\u00e7 piyasada t\u00fcketildi\u011fi Etiyopya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinde Kamerun ve Senegal hari\u00e7 bu \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7ok az t\u00fcketiliyor. Hatta \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kahve \u00fcreticisi Endonezya\u2019da bir ki\u015fi y\u0131lda ortalama 35 fincan kahve i\u00e7iyor. Fakat kendisi \u00fcretici olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde Senegal\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Dakar\u2019da her sokak ba\u015f\u0131nda seyyar kahve sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterilerine \u2018Touba\u2019 dedikleri ve i\u00e7ine Gine karabiberi katarak sunduklar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck ra\u011fbet g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"ureten-afrika-tuketen-avrupa","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"\u00dcreten Afrika t\u00fcketen Avrupa","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1131,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":22970,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":22871,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"\u00dcreten Afrika t\u00fcketen Avrupa","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span>
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 10 milyon tona ula\u015fan global kahve \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 16\u2019s\u0131 Afrika\u2019da. Anavatan\u0131 Afrika olan kahve, 90 \u00fclkede \u00fcretiliyor. B\u00f6ylece 25 milyon \u00e7ift\u00e7iye do\u011frudan, 110 milyon insana ise dolayl\u0131 istihdam sa\u011flan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span>
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D\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm \u00fcretimin y\u00fczde 79\u2019u hi\u00e7 kahve yeti\u015ftirilmeyen Avrupa (y\u00fczde 53) ve ABD ile Kanada\u2019da (y\u00fczde 26) t\u00fcketiliyor. \u0130skandinav \u00fclkelerinde ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 10 kg. olan kahve t\u00fcketimi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ise 1.1 kg. seviyesinde.<\/strong><\/span>
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\u0130nsano\u011flunun g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta vazge\u00e7emedi\u011fi i\u00e7eceklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen kahve, ilk \u00f6nce sadece eski ad\u0131yla Habe\u015fistan olarak bilinen Afrika\u2019n\u0131n n\u00fcfus bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Nijerya\u2019dan sonra en kalabal\u0131k ikinci \u00fclkesi olan Etiyopya\u2019da yeti\u015fen bir a\u011fa\u00e7t\u0131. Kaldi isimli bir \u00e7oban ke\u00e7ilerinin bir a\u011fac\u0131n meyvelerini yediklerinde daha hareketli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 fark edince, bunu k\u00f6y\u00fcndeki ke\u015fi\u015flere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcp onlar\u0131n da s\u0131cak suya katarak i\u00e7meleriyle ayinlerde uyuklamalar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f. Uzun as\u0131rlar burada t\u00fcketilirken, 6. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yemen\u2019de yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 as\u0131rlar alm\u0131\u015f.<\/span>
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Yemenliler, 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda buna \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermi\u015fler ve ad\u0131na \u2018kahve\u2019 demi\u015fler. Ticaretini de Arap tacirler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in en makbul t\u00fcr\u00fcne de \u2018Arabica\u2019 denmi\u015f. Yemen\u2019de \u2018Moka\u2019 ad\u0131yla da tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. T\u00fcm Arabistan, M\u0131s\u0131r, Irak, Suriye ve \u00f6zellikle \u0130stanbul\u2019da 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7ok t\u00fcketilen bir i\u00e7ecek olmu\u015f. \u00d6zellikle Osmanl\u0131lar bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla kahve t\u00fcketicisi Avrupa toplumlar\u0131na kahveyi tan\u0131tan millet olarak biliniyor. Zira Avrupa, kahveyi ilk defa 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f, fakat bir as\u0131r i\u00e7inde bunu ticari metaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in Do\u011fu Afrika, Kongo Havzas\u0131 ve <\/span>
Bat\u0131 Afrika ile k\u0131tay\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde de \u00fcretimi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar. <\/span>
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\u00c7EK\u0130RDEK T\u00dcRLER\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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Kahvenin be\u015fi\u011fi Afrika\u2019da ne var ki Arabica t\u00fcr\u00fc, nemli ve y\u00fcksek da\u011flar\u0131 seven bir bitki oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0130ngilizler, Frans\u0131zlar ve Portekizlilerce \u00e7o\u011fu s\u0131cak ve bazen de ciddi kurak olan baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde denendiyse de bitki \u00e7o\u011funa uyum sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015f. Fakat bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazar\u0131 giderek geni\u015fledi\u011fi i\u00e7in mutlaka bunu ba\u015farmaya karar vermi\u015fler ve Robusta, bir de Liberica diye yeni t\u00fcrleri bulmu\u015flar. Hatta Arabica ile Robusta kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Arabusta diye bir t\u00fcr\u00fc de yeti\u015ftirmi\u015fler. Ancak son iki \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcketiminde yerel kal\u0131p d\u00fcnya piyasalar\u0131nda talep olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015f.<\/span>
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Arabica aromas\u0131, hafifli\u011fi ve tad\u0131 ile tercih edilirken, y\u0131lda bir kez \u00fcretilebilmesi, a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n oldu\u011fu yerlerin y\u00fcksek da\u011flarda yer almas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00fcreticili\u011fin y\u00fczde 80\u2019i el i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi istemesi, yeni t\u00fcrleri zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Robusta ise daha d\u00fcz arazilerde yeti\u015fti\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00fcretiminde teknolojiden fazlaca istifade ediliyor. \u015eimdilerde aralar\u0131nda \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 olarak fark var ve hen\u00fcz y\u00fczde 60 ile Arabica, y\u00fczde 40 kadar ile Robusta \u00fcretiliyor. <\/span>
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Bu, fiyatlara da yans\u0131yor. 1980\u2019lere kadar aralar\u0131ndaki fiyat fark\u0131 az iken, \u015fimdi y\u00fczde 20 civar\u0131nda olup Arabica \u00fccret bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz de\u011ferlili\u011fini koruyor. Bir\u00e7ok yeni \u00fcretici \u00fclke de \u00fcretimi kolay, y\u0131lda en az iki defa \u00fcr\u00fcn vermesi yan\u0131nda a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle Robusta\u2019y\u0131 tercih ediyor. \u015eimdilerde Afrika\u2019daki t\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 65\u2019i Robusta, y\u00fczde 30\u2019u ise Arabica\u2019d\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer nokta ise \u0130ngilizlerin kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde genelde Arabica ekimine, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n ise Robusta\u2019ya a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeleri.<\/span>
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Kahve, Afrika d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Meksika\u2019dan Yeni Gine Papua\u2019ya kadar yay\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nce Karayip adalar\u0131, Orta Amerika ve G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da; daha sonra da Endonezya ile en son 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Vietnam ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere G\u00fcney <\/span>
Asya\u2019da; hatta B\u00fcy\u00fck Okyanus ada devletlerinde de yeti\u015ftiriliyor. <\/span>
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KA\u00c7 \u00dcLKE \u00dcRET\u0130C\u0130?<\/strong><\/span>
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D\u00fcnya kahve \u00fcretimi ve t\u00fcketimini d\u00fczenleyen Uluslararas\u0131 Kahve \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne her ne kadar 43 \u00fcretici \u00fclke \u00fcye olsa da toplamda 60\u2019\u0131 kalk\u0131nmakta olan 90 farkl\u0131 \u00fclkede bu \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ediliyor. Bu sebeple t\u00fcm \u00fcretici \u00fclkeler, 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi aralar\u0131nda belli konularda ortak hareket etmek i\u00e7in Kahve \u00dcreticileri Derne\u011fi\u2019ni kurdular.<\/span><\/p>

\u00dcretime Afrika\u2019dan sonra ba\u015flasa da Brezilya, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcm kahve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 30\u2019unu tek ba\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve ihracat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 63\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc kahveden elde ediyor. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Vietnam\u2019\u0131n bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ok a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretmesiyle ikinci s\u0131rada \u00fcretici konumuna gelmesi piyasalar\u0131 epeyce bir m\u00fcddet fiyat y\u00f6n\u00fcnden sarsm\u0131\u015f. Endonezya \u015fimdilerde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fcretici konumunu Kolombiya ile payla\u015f\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

Kahvenin anavatan\u0131 Etiyopya ise be\u015finci s\u0131rada ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclke ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Burundi, Ruanda ve Karayip adalar\u0131ndan Haiti ile d\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcn ekonomileri ciddi oranda bu ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn pazarlanmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131. \u00d6zellikle Afrika\u2019da Etiyopya (229 bin), Uganda (176 bin), Fildi\u015fi Sahili (170 bin), Kenya (51 bin), Kamerun (50.7 bin) ve Tanzanya (43.6 bin) en \u00e7ok kahve \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler. <\/span>
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EN BE\u011eEN\u0130LEN T\u00dcRLER AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA \u00dcRET\u0130L\u0130YOR<\/strong><\/span>
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Bir kahve a\u011fac\u0131 dikimini takiben 4. y\u0131ldan itibaren \u00fcr\u00fcn verebiliyor. Farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr a\u011fa\u00e7tan kahve \u00fcretilse de 60 kadar\u0131 yok olma tehdidi alt\u0131nda bulunuyor. \u0130\u00e7lerinde en makbul\u00fc h\u00e2l\u00e2 Etiyopya\u2019da \u00e7ok miktarda bulunan Arabica\u2019n\u0131n yabani t\u00fcr\u00fc ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada be\u011fenilen kahve t\u00fcrlerinin \u00e7o\u011fu Afrika\u2019da. Bir\u00e7ok sebebe dayal\u0131 olarak gittik\u00e7e kaybolan t\u00fcrlerin yerine bu yabani cinsin \u00f6zenle gelecek i\u00e7in kal\u0131c\u0131 t\u00fcr olarak korunmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/span>
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T\u00dcKET\u0130C\u0130 \u00dcLKELER TEKEL KURMU\u015e<\/strong><\/span>
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Bizler millet olarak keyif vermesi kadar hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 korumay\u0131 da ilave ederiz kahveye\u2026 Avrupal\u0131lar ise bir taraftan gere\u011finden fazla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 t\u00fcketirler, di\u011fer taraftan en b\u00fcy\u00fck geliri elde ederler. \u00dcretene neredeyse eme\u011finin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bile vermezler, dahas\u0131 bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kaderini <\/span>1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurduklar\u0131 Uluslararas\u0131 Kahve \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (International Coffee Organization-ICO) eliyle belirlerler. Hatta bunu g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilemez i\u00e7ece\u011fi yaparlar, kurduklar\u0131 ticari ve s\u0131nai a\u011flarla adeta petrol\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya ticaretinde dola\u015f\u0131mdaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck ihra\u00e7 metas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcp beynelmilel pazar\u0131na da kimseyi yakla\u015ft\u0131rmazlar.<\/span>
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ICO, her \u00fcretici ve de her t\u00fcketici \u00fclkeyi \u00fcye olarak kabul etmiyor. Afrika\u2019da Reunion adl\u0131 Frans\u0131z ve Saint Helene isimli \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi iki ada hari\u00e7, az veya \u00e7ok kahve \u00fcreten 30\u2019u ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00fclke var. Ama bunlardan sadece ihracat\u00e7\u0131 olarak 20 Afrika \u00fclkesini \u00fcye yapm\u0131\u015f. Di\u011fer k\u0131talardan da 23 ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclkeyi b\u00fcnyesine alm\u0131\u015f. B\u00f6ylece toplam 43 \u00fcyesi kahve ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131, 28 Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcyesi \u00fclke yan\u0131nda \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Norve\u00e7 ile Rusya, Japonya ve tek Afrika \u00fclkesi olarak da Tunus ithalat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fcyesi. <\/span>

KAHVE K\u0130ME KAZANDIRIYOR?<\/strong><\/span>
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\u015eimdilerde ton olarak de\u011fil de daha \u00e7ok 60 kg\u2019l\u0131k \u00e7uvallarla \u00fcretim miktar\u0131 ifade edilen ve toplam 170 milyon \u00e7uval\u0131 bulan kahve \u00fcretimi, 2020 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar y\u0131ldan y\u0131la y\u00fczde 1.5 ila y\u00fczde 1.7 aras\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn gelecekte en b\u00fcy\u00fck pazarlar\u0131 bir taraftan \u00fcreten, di\u011fer taraftan \u00fcretmeyen Afrika \u00fclkelerinin olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019nde Avrupal\u0131 bir firman\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kahve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme fabrikas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcm ye\u015fil kahve \u00e7ekirde\u011fi hi\u00e7bir sanayi i\u015flemine tabi tutulmadan Hamburg ve Roterdam limanlar\u0131na sevk edilip buralardan da i\u015flenece\u011fi farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki tesislere g\u00f6nderiliyor.<\/span>
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Di\u011fer ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi kahvede de ekiminden \u00fcr\u00fcn elde edilene kadar eme\u011fi \u00e7eken \u00fcreticiler kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 zor doyururken ve kilosu bir dolar dahi etmeyen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri i\u015flendikten sonra i\u00e7lerinde kilosu bin 500, 2 bin, hatta 3 bin dolara m\u00fc\u015fteri bulan t\u00fcrleri var. Ama her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda kahve \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve benzeri zirai \u00fcr\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda miktar olarak daha az uluslararas\u0131 pazara s\u00fcr\u00fclse de fiyat olarak y\u00fcksek de\u011ferli olmas\u0131 sebebiyle petrolden sonra ikinci \u00f6nemli ihra\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/span>
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KAHVE T\u00dcKET\u0130M L\u0130G\u0130<\/strong><\/span>
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerde az veya \u00e7ok kahve t\u00fcketiliyor. Takriben g\u00fcnde 1.6 milyar fincan kahvenin i\u00e7ildi\u011fi d\u00fcnyam\u0131zda \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 bir durum s\u00f6z konusu. K\u0131saca, \u201cG\u00fcney \u00fcretir, kuzey t\u00fcketir\u201d diye bir kavram geli\u015fmi\u015f. Kahvenin bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi, sadece tropikal b\u00f6lgelerde yeti\u015fmesi. Kuzey yar\u0131mk\u00fcre bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yeti\u015fmesine uygun de\u011fil. T\u00fcm \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin y\u00fczde 79\u2019u hi\u00e7 \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftirilmeyen Avrupa (y\u00fczde 53) ve ABD ile Kanada\u2019da (y\u00fczde 26) t\u00fcketiliyor. Hatta Arabica\u2019n\u0131n fiyat\u0131n\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi borsa New York\u2019ta, Robusta\u2019n\u0131nki ise Londra\u2019da. <\/span>
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Finlandiya, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131lda yakla\u015f\u0131k 12 kg. t\u00fcketimle birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 al\u0131rken, di\u011fer \u0130skandinav \u00fclkeleri de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na ortalama 10 kg. civar\u0131nda kahve i\u00e7iyor. Di\u011fer Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde ise en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcketimler de 6 kg. civar\u0131nda. \u2018T\u00fcrk kahvesi\u2019 ad\u0131yla pi\u015firilme tarz\u0131yla adeta marka olmu\u015f T\u00fcrkiye ise son y\u0131llardaki art\u0131\u015flarla ancak ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na 1.1 kg. t\u00fcketir hale gelebilmi\u015f.<\/span>
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Bu da takriben 10 milyon ton kahvenin t\u00fcketildi\u011fi d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131nda \u00fclkemizde 100 bin tona denk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Kahve \u00fcreticisi \u00fclkelerden sadece Brezilya ve ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na y\u0131lda 200 bin fincan kahvenin i\u00e7ildi\u011fi ve \u00fcretiminin 127 bin tonunun i\u00e7 piyasada t\u00fcketildi\u011fi Etiyopya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinde Kamerun ve Senegal hari\u00e7 bu \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7ok az t\u00fcketiliyor. Hatta \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kahve \u00fcreticisi Endonezya\u2019da bir ki\u015fi y\u0131lda ortalama 35 fincan kahve i\u00e7iyor. Fakat kendisi \u00fcretici olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde Senegal\u2019in ba\u015fkenti Dakar\u2019da her sokak ba\u015f\u0131nda seyyar kahve sat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterilerine \u2018Touba\u2019 dedikleri ve i\u00e7ine Gine karabiberi katarak sunduklar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck ra\u011fbet g\u00f6r\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"ureten-afrika-tuketen-avrupa","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"\u00dcreten Afrika t\u00fcketen Avrupa","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1131,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}