{"status":true,"post":{"id":39676,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2023-05-08 10:13:00","created_at":"2023-05-08T07:13:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-05-08T07:13:00.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":39676,"is_featured":0,"title":"Sudan\u2019\u0131n girdaptan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

Mavi ve Beyaz Nil nehirlerinin Sudan i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6lgesi, 880 bin hektar olup d\u00fcnyada tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli yekpare en geni\u015f alan olarak biliniyor. Tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi olarak bilinen Sudan, ba\u015fta alt\u0131n ve petrol olmak \u00fczere kaynaklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da dikkatleri \u00e7ekiyor.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
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Alt\u0131n, son y\u0131llarda i\u015fletilen yeni maden yataklar\u0131 ile Sudan\u2019\u0131 Afrika\u2019da ikinci, d\u00fcnyada dokuzuncu \u00fcretici \u00fclke konumuna getirdi. Darbe ile ba\u015flayan, i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te Sudan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelenler, sahip olduklar\u0131yla ilgili olabilir mi diye sorgulan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131larca s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmesini 3 as\u0131r geciktiren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda t\u00fcm gayretlerine ra\u011fmen buna engel olamad\u0131. Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc \u00e7evreleyen Sahel b\u00f6lgesi, bat\u0131s\u0131 Frans\u0131z Sudan\u2019\u0131, do\u011fusu ise \u0130ngiliz Sudan\u2019\u0131 diye ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Toplamda 60 y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen s\u00fcredeki uygulamalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden birbirlerine kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan ve tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan topluluklara dayat\u0131lan yeni d\u00fczenler, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n da ana sebepleri aras\u0131nda.<\/span><\/p>

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15 ASKER\u0130 DARBE\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1 Ocak 1956 g\u00fcn\u00fc Afrika\u2019da ilk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k alanlar aras\u0131ndaki Sudan\u2019da derhal Osmanl\u0131-M\u0131s\u0131r idaresinde Hatt-\u0131 \u0130stiva, yani Ekvator M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc diye isimlendirilen \u015fimdiki ad\u0131yla G\u00fcney Sudan isimli \u00fclke ile 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, 2011\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ilan edilmesine kadar tam yar\u0131m as\u0131r devam etti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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O d\u00f6nemde uluslararas\u0131 toplum bunun sebebini, Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cafer Numeyri\u2019nin \u00fclkede anayasay\u0131 \u015feriata ba\u011flay\u0131nca g\u00fcneyli H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tepkisine dayand\u0131r\u0131yordu. Bu hen\u00fcz yat\u0131\u015fmadan 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Darfur\u2019da ve Kordofan ile kuzeyinde de merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti zora sokan direni\u015f hareketleri pe\u015f pe\u015fe devreye sokuldu. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki askeri darbeye kadar bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 da olan 15 askeri m\u00fcdahale ya\u015fayan Sudan\u2019da en uzun s\u00fcre etki b\u0131rakan, 1989\u2019daki \u00d6mer el-Be\u015fir\u2019in 30 y\u0131l s\u00fcren iktidar\u0131. Ger\u00e7i onun iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fclkenin siyasi ve ekonomik konumunu iyile\u015ftirmedi, hatta daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirdi. 2019\u2019da Korgeneral Abdulfettah el-Burhan taraf\u0131ndan devrilmesinden sonra kurulan yar\u0131 askeri ve sivil iktidar da 25 Ekim 2021 g\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar de\u011fi\u015fti ve 2 Ocak 2022\u2019de Ba\u015fbakan Abdullah Hamduk\u2019un istifas\u0131yla\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Ge\u00e7ici Egemenlik Konseyi, idareyi tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fczerine ald\u0131. Konsey ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da Darfur\u2019daki gerginlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fturan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Hemedti lakapl\u0131 Muhammed Hamdan Dagalo getirildi. Bu ki\u015fi, \u00f6zellikle 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sudan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki direni\u015fi k\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in H\u0131zl\u0131 Destek Kuvvetleri ad\u0131yla bir birlik kurmu\u015f, bunlar\u0131 2016\u2019da Yemen i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda Suudi Arabistan ve Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri\u2019nin H\u00fbsiler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131na da g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Libya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda General Hafter\u2019i desteklemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderildi. Hatta bu etkinli\u011fi sebebiyle Rusya\u2019n\u0131n son y\u0131llarda Afrika\u2019da en etkin g\u00fcc\u00fc Wagner isimli milislerle de yak\u0131n temasa girerek, kendi birliklerine \u00f6zel e\u011fitim ald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclke i\u00e7indeki asayi\u015fte yerel direni\u015f hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ordu birlikleri yerine bunlar sevk ediliyordu, hatta d\u0131\u015f operasyonlarda da art\u0131k vazge\u00e7ilemez hale gelmi\u015flerdi. Dahas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Darfur b\u00f6lgesinde alt\u0131n madenleri \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu etkinlikle birlikte Sudan\u2019\u0131n en zengin adam\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>

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YEN\u0130 KAYNAKLAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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21. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Afrika\u2019da yeni geli\u015fmelerin habercisi oldu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tahribat\u0131 ile k\u0131ta \u00fclkeleri adeta t\u00fcm uluslararas\u0131 rekabetin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ciddi bir \u015fahlan\u0131\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131ysa da bu defa i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla sars\u0131ld\u0131lar. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren aralar\u0131nda epeyce kalk\u0131nma hamlesine giri\u015fenler vard\u0131. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar, bir anlamda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya ile birlikte hareket etme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 sunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Art\u0131k sadece Avrupa ve ABD merkezli etkile\u015fimler yerine Asya ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkeleriyle de yak\u0131n temaslar kuruldu.<\/span><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019n\u0131n yeni kaynaklar\u0131 tespit edildik\u00e7e her bir \u00fclkenin d\u00f6viz girdileri artt\u0131 ve bir anda geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaralar\u0131n\u0131 da sarmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu \u00fclkelerin i\u00e7inde Sudan olduk\u00e7a h\u0131zl\u0131 toparlanma s\u00fcrecine girdi. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 2017 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ABD \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flat\u0131lan uluslararas\u0131 ambargo ile ciddi anlamda sars\u0131lsa da bu defa \u00c7in, Malezya, Hindistan, G\u00fcney Kore, T\u00fcrkiye ve Rusya ile K\u00f6rfez \u00fclkeleri adeta Sudan ile i\u015f yapma konusunda h\u0131zl\u0131 hamlelere giri\u015fti. 2011\u2019de Hartum\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce G\u00fcney Sudan\u2019da \u00fcretilen petrol\u00fcn K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz sahilindeki Port Sudan liman\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir gelir kap\u0131s\u0131 oldu. Her iki Sudan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde tespit edilen 5 milyar varillik petrol rezervi var. Rafineri, petrol boru hatt\u0131 ve liman hizmetleri ciddi istihdam sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca alt\u0131n, kalay, kobalt, granit, mermer, nikel, demir, bak\u0131r, krom, kur\u015fun, \u00e7inko, uranyum, tungsten, cips, mika, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi \u00e7ok fazla maden yataklar\u0131 tespit edildiyse de i\u00e7lerinden sadece alt\u0131n, krom ve cips d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hen\u00fcz i\u015fletilen yok. Alt\u0131n, son y\u0131llarda i\u015fletilen yeni maden yataklar\u0131 ile Sudan\u2019\u0131 Afrika\u2019da ikinci, d\u00fcnyada dokuzuncu \u00fcretici \u00fclke konumuna getirdi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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E\u015eS\u0130Z TARIM ALANI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1 milyon 879 bin 358 km2\u2019lik y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019e olan 853 km\u2019lik sahili, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 3., d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ise 16. b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fclkesi olan Sudan, halen y\u00fczde 69\u2019u k\u0131rsalda ya\u015fayan 48 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda 100 bini Suriyeli 1.5 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n m\u00fclteci ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma talebiyle gelen yabanc\u0131larla olduk\u00e7a cazip imk\u00e2nlara sahip bir \u00fclke konumuna gelmi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle Mavi ve Beyaz Nil nehirleri Hartum\u2019da birle\u015fene kadar ve sonras\u0131nda tar\u0131m arazileri i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir nimet. Sulama, enerji ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in Sudanl\u0131lar\u0131n hayat\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip. Mevcut topraklar\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli k\u0131sm\u0131 84 milyon hektar\u0131 buluyor. Bu da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin toplam y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnden fazla. Ancak bunun sadece y\u00fczde 15 kadar\u0131 ekilebiliyor. Yine y\u00fczde 20 kadar\u0131 sulanabilecek durumda. Mavi ve Beyaz Nil nehirlerinin Sudan i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6lgesi 880 bin hektar olup d\u00fcnyada tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli yekpare en geni\u015f alan ve burada yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 bin \u00e7ift\u00e7i ziraatla me\u015fgul oluyor. Haliyle Sudan\u2019da GSY\u0130H\u2019nin y\u00fczde 37\u2019sini tek ba\u015f\u0131na tar\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u00fclke ihracat\u0131n\u0131n da y\u00fczde 80\u2019lik bir k\u0131sm\u0131na tekab\u00fcl ediyor. 80 milyon hektar\u0131 da hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in m\u00fcsait durumda.<\/span><\/p>

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\u0130ST\u0130KRARSIZLIK KAYNA\u011eI MI?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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ABD\u2019nin 14 Aral\u0131k 2020 tarihinde Sudan\u2019\u0131 ter\u00f6re destek veren \u00fclkeler listesinden \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fmeydi. 15 Nisan 2023 g\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015fkent Hartum\u2019da ba\u015flayan silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla bu defa sadece \u00fclkede \u00e7o\u011fu yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in gelen \u015firketlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 dahil binlerce ki\u015fi \u00fclkeyi terk etti. Kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan da on binlercesi kom\u015fusu Etiyopya, G\u00fcney Sudan, Orta Afrika, \u00c7ad ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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Petrol ile \u00fclkeye sa\u011flanan gelirler, ekonominin y\u00fczde 75 kadar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, G\u00fcney Sudan\u2019\u0131n 2011\u2019de ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla oradan gelen petrol boru hatt\u0131 ve rafineri gelirleri ile yetinmek zorunda kald\u0131. Yine de Abyei petrol sahas\u0131 ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde 1 milyar varile yak\u0131n rezervden \u015fimdilik \u00e7\u0131kan petrol ile ciddi bir gelir sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ancak alt\u0131n madenlerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda faaliyete ge\u00e7erek bu madeni i\u015fleyen y\u0131ll\u0131k 300 ton i\u015fleme kapasiteli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rafineri \u00e7evre \u00fclkelere de hizmet veriyor. 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda Sudan\u2019da petrol gelirlerinin yerini alt\u0131n madeni ald\u0131 ve y\u0131ll\u0131k 2.5 milyar dolarl\u0131k bir girdiye ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclkede son y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ana sebebini bu geli\u015fmeye ba\u011flayanlar da var.<\/span><\/p>

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GEL\u0130R KAYNAKLARI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Mevcut arazilerinin tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in son derece elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 sebebiyle Sudan, Afrika\u2019da bu iki alanda ciddi yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece \u00fclkenin gelir getiren kaynaklar\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda alt\u0131n birinci, petrol ikinci ve canl\u0131 hayvan ihracat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131raya y\u00fckseldi. Ayr\u0131ca \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131, dar\u0131, arap zamk\u0131, yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, susam, mango, sorgum ve sebzeler de \u00f6nemli yer tutuyor. \u00d6zellikle i\u00e7lerinde arap zamk\u0131 d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm talebin y\u00fczde 80 kadar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve ihracattaki pay\u0131 100 milyon dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde.<\/span><\/p>

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18 EYALETTEN OLU\u015eUYOR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sudan\u2019da 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen yeni anayasa ile devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcreyle en fazla iki defa se\u00e7ilecekti ve ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k g\u00f6revi de \u00fczerlerinde olacakt\u0131. 18 farkl\u0131 eyaletten olu\u015fan federal bir devlet. Yasama organ\u0131 450 milletvekili bulunan Millet Meclisi ve eyalet meclislerinden olu\u015fuyor. Halk\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 70 kadar\u0131 kendisini Arap soylu kabul ediyor, geriye kalanlar ise Dinka, Fellata, Beca, Nube ve Fur gibi yerel kabilelerden olu\u015fuyor.<\/span><\/p>

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T\u00dcRK\u0130YE \u0130LE T\u0130CARET GER\u0130LED\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sudan\u2019\u0131n en \u00e7ok ithalat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeler \u00c7in (1 milyar 752 milyon dolar), Hindistan (1 milyar dolar), M\u0131s\u0131r (716 milyon dolar), Suudi Arabistan, Rusya (306 milyon dolar), T\u00fcrkiye (298 milyon dolar) ve ABD (201 milyon dolar) \u015feklinde s\u0131ralan\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye, 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sudan ile 395 milyon dolarl\u0131k ticaret yapt\u0131. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re gerileyen bir durum s\u00f6z konusu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o sene toplamda 450 milyon dolarl\u0131k ticaretin 425 milyon dolar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den yap\u0131lan ihracatt\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"sudanin-girdaptan-cikisi","tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":2398,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":39802,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":39676,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Sudan\u2019\u0131n girdaptan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

Mavi ve Beyaz Nil nehirlerinin Sudan i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6lgesi, 880 bin hektar olup d\u00fcnyada tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli yekpare en geni\u015f alan olarak biliniyor. Tar\u0131m \u00fclkesi olarak bilinen Sudan, ba\u015fta alt\u0131n ve petrol olmak \u00fczere kaynaklar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da dikkatleri \u00e7ekiyor.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
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Alt\u0131n, son y\u0131llarda i\u015fletilen yeni maden yataklar\u0131 ile Sudan\u2019\u0131 Afrika\u2019da ikinci, d\u00fcnyada dokuzuncu \u00fcretici \u00fclke konumuna getirdi. Darbe ile ba\u015flayan, i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmayla devam eden s\u00fcre\u00e7te Sudan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelenler, sahip olduklar\u0131yla ilgili olabilir mi diye sorgulan\u0131yor.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019n\u0131n Avrupal\u0131larca s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmesini 3 as\u0131r geciktiren Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda t\u00fcm gayretlerine ra\u011fmen buna engel olamad\u0131. Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc \u00e7evreleyen Sahel b\u00f6lgesi, bat\u0131s\u0131 Frans\u0131z Sudan\u2019\u0131, do\u011fusu ise \u0130ngiliz Sudan\u2019\u0131 diye ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Toplamda 60 y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen s\u00fcredeki uygulamalar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden birbirlerine kayna\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan ve tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan topluluklara dayat\u0131lan yeni d\u00fczenler, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n da ana sebepleri aras\u0131nda.<\/span><\/p>

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15 ASKER\u0130 DARBE\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1 Ocak 1956 g\u00fcn\u00fc Afrika\u2019da ilk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k alanlar aras\u0131ndaki Sudan\u2019da derhal Osmanl\u0131-M\u0131s\u0131r idaresinde Hatt-\u0131 \u0130stiva, yani Ekvator M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc diye isimlendirilen \u015fimdiki ad\u0131yla G\u00fcney Sudan isimli \u00fclke ile 1964 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, 2011\u2019de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ilan edilmesine kadar tam yar\u0131m as\u0131r devam etti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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O d\u00f6nemde uluslararas\u0131 toplum bunun sebebini, Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cafer Numeyri\u2019nin \u00fclkede anayasay\u0131 \u015feriata ba\u011flay\u0131nca g\u00fcneyli H\u0131ristiyan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tepkisine dayand\u0131r\u0131yordu. Bu hen\u00fcz yat\u0131\u015fmadan 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Darfur\u2019da ve Kordofan ile kuzeyinde de merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmeti zora sokan direni\u015f hareketleri pe\u015f pe\u015fe devreye sokuldu. 2019 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki askeri darbeye kadar bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 da olan 15 askeri m\u00fcdahale ya\u015fayan Sudan\u2019da en uzun s\u00fcre etki b\u0131rakan, 1989\u2019daki \u00d6mer el-Be\u015fir\u2019in 30 y\u0131l s\u00fcren iktidar\u0131. Ger\u00e7i onun iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fclkenin siyasi ve ekonomik konumunu iyile\u015ftirmedi, hatta daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirdi. 2019\u2019da Korgeneral Abdulfettah el-Burhan taraf\u0131ndan devrilmesinden sonra kurulan yar\u0131 askeri ve sivil iktidar da 25 Ekim 2021 g\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar de\u011fi\u015fti ve 2 Ocak 2022\u2019de Ba\u015fbakan Abdullah Hamduk\u2019un istifas\u0131yla\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Ge\u00e7ici Egemenlik Konseyi, idareyi tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00fczerine ald\u0131. Konsey ba\u015fkan yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na da Darfur\u2019daki gerginlik s\u0131ras\u0131nda olu\u015fturan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerin ba\u015f\u0131ndaki Hemedti lakapl\u0131 Muhammed Hamdan Dagalo getirildi. Bu ki\u015fi, \u00f6zellikle 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sudan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyindeki direni\u015fi k\u0131rmas\u0131 i\u00e7in H\u0131zl\u0131 Destek Kuvvetleri ad\u0131yla bir birlik kurmu\u015f, bunlar\u0131 2016\u2019da Yemen i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda Suudi Arabistan ve Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri\u2019nin H\u00fbsiler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131na da g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti. 2017 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Libya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda General Hafter\u2019i desteklemek i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderildi. Hatta bu etkinli\u011fi sebebiyle Rusya\u2019n\u0131n son y\u0131llarda Afrika\u2019da en etkin g\u00fcc\u00fc Wagner isimli milislerle de yak\u0131n temasa girerek, kendi birliklerine \u00f6zel e\u011fitim ald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclke i\u00e7indeki asayi\u015fte yerel direni\u015f hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ordu birlikleri yerine bunlar sevk ediliyordu, hatta d\u0131\u015f operasyonlarda da art\u0131k vazge\u00e7ilemez hale gelmi\u015flerdi. Dahas\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Darfur b\u00f6lgesinde alt\u0131n madenleri \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fu etkinlikle birlikte Sudan\u2019\u0131n en zengin adam\u0131 haline gelmi\u015fti.<\/span><\/p>

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YEN\u0130 KAYNAKLAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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21. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Afrika\u2019da yeni geli\u015fmelerin habercisi oldu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 tahribat\u0131 ile k\u0131ta \u00fclkeleri adeta t\u00fcm uluslararas\u0131 rekabetin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ciddi bir \u015fahlan\u0131\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131ysa da bu defa i\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla sars\u0131ld\u0131lar. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren aralar\u0131nda epeyce kalk\u0131nma hamlesine giri\u015fenler vard\u0131. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar, bir anlamda t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya ile birlikte hareket etme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 sunmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Art\u0131k sadece Avrupa ve ABD merkezli etkile\u015fimler yerine Asya ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkeleriyle de yak\u0131n temaslar kuruldu.<\/span><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019n\u0131n yeni kaynaklar\u0131 tespit edildik\u00e7e her bir \u00fclkenin d\u00f6viz girdileri artt\u0131 ve bir anda geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yaralar\u0131n\u0131 da sarmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu \u00fclkelerin i\u00e7inde Sudan olduk\u00e7a h\u0131zl\u0131 toparlanma s\u00fcrecine girdi. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131ndan 2017 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar ABD \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flat\u0131lan uluslararas\u0131 ambargo ile ciddi anlamda sars\u0131lsa da bu defa \u00c7in, Malezya, Hindistan, G\u00fcney Kore, T\u00fcrkiye ve Rusya ile K\u00f6rfez \u00fclkeleri adeta Sudan ile i\u015f yapma konusunda h\u0131zl\u0131 hamlelere giri\u015fti. 2011\u2019de Hartum\u2019dan ayr\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce G\u00fcney Sudan\u2019da \u00fcretilen petrol\u00fcn K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz sahilindeki Port Sudan liman\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir gelir kap\u0131s\u0131 oldu. Her iki Sudan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde tespit edilen 5 milyar varillik petrol rezervi var. Rafineri, petrol boru hatt\u0131 ve liman hizmetleri ciddi istihdam sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ayr\u0131ca alt\u0131n, kalay, kobalt, granit, mermer, nikel, demir, bak\u0131r, krom, kur\u015fun, \u00e7inko, uranyum, tungsten, cips, mika, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi \u00e7ok fazla maden yataklar\u0131 tespit edildiyse de i\u00e7lerinden sadece alt\u0131n, krom ve cips d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hen\u00fcz i\u015fletilen yok. Alt\u0131n, son y\u0131llarda i\u015fletilen yeni maden yataklar\u0131 ile Sudan\u2019\u0131 Afrika\u2019da ikinci, d\u00fcnyada dokuzuncu \u00fcretici \u00fclke konumuna getirdi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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E\u015eS\u0130Z TARIM ALANI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1 milyon 879 bin 358 km2\u2019lik y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc, K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019e olan 853 km\u2019lik sahili, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 3., d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ise 16. b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fclkesi olan Sudan, halen y\u00fczde 69\u2019u k\u0131rsalda ya\u015fayan 48 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u0131llarda 100 bini Suriyeli 1.5 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n m\u00fclteci ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma talebiyle gelen yabanc\u0131larla olduk\u00e7a cazip imk\u00e2nlara sahip bir \u00fclke konumuna gelmi\u015fti. \u00d6zellikle Mavi ve Beyaz Nil nehirleri Hartum\u2019da birle\u015fene kadar ve sonras\u0131nda tar\u0131m arazileri i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir nimet. Sulama, enerji ve ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in Sudanl\u0131lar\u0131n hayat\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip. Mevcut topraklar\u0131n\u0131n tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli k\u0131sm\u0131 84 milyon hektar\u0131 buluyor. Bu da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin toplam y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcnden fazla. Ancak bunun sadece y\u00fczde 15 kadar\u0131 ekilebiliyor. Yine y\u00fczde 20 kadar\u0131 sulanabilecek durumda. Mavi ve Beyaz Nil nehirlerinin Sudan i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6lgesi 880 bin hektar olup d\u00fcnyada tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli yekpare en geni\u015f alan ve burada yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 bin \u00e7ift\u00e7i ziraatla me\u015fgul oluyor. Haliyle Sudan\u2019da GSY\u0130H\u2019nin y\u00fczde 37\u2019sini tek ba\u015f\u0131na tar\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve \u00fclke ihracat\u0131n\u0131n da y\u00fczde 80\u2019lik bir k\u0131sm\u0131na tekab\u00fcl ediyor. 80 milyon hektar\u0131 da hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in m\u00fcsait durumda.<\/span><\/p>

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\u0130ST\u0130KRARSIZLIK KAYNA\u011eI MI?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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ABD\u2019nin 14 Aral\u0131k 2020 tarihinde Sudan\u2019\u0131 ter\u00f6re destek veren \u00fclkeler listesinden \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fmeydi. 15 Nisan 2023 g\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015fkent Hartum\u2019da ba\u015flayan silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla bu defa sadece \u00fclkede \u00e7o\u011fu yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in gelen \u015firketlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 dahil binlerce ki\u015fi \u00fclkeyi terk etti. Kendi vatanda\u015flar\u0131ndan da on binlercesi kom\u015fusu Etiyopya, G\u00fcney Sudan, Orta Afrika, \u00c7ad ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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Petrol ile \u00fclkeye sa\u011flanan gelirler, ekonominin y\u00fczde 75 kadar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, G\u00fcney Sudan\u2019\u0131n 2011\u2019de ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla oradan gelen petrol boru hatt\u0131 ve rafineri gelirleri ile yetinmek zorunda kald\u0131. Yine de Abyei petrol sahas\u0131 ve di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde 1 milyar varile yak\u0131n rezervden \u015fimdilik \u00e7\u0131kan petrol ile ciddi bir gelir sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Ancak alt\u0131n madenlerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ve 2012 y\u0131l\u0131 eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda faaliyete ge\u00e7erek bu madeni i\u015fleyen y\u0131ll\u0131k 300 ton i\u015fleme kapasiteli b\u00fcy\u00fck bir rafineri \u00e7evre \u00fclkelere de hizmet veriyor. 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda Sudan\u2019da petrol gelirlerinin yerini alt\u0131n madeni ald\u0131 ve y\u0131ll\u0131k 2.5 milyar dolarl\u0131k bir girdiye ula\u015ft\u0131. \u00dclkede son y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan siyasi istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ana sebebini bu geli\u015fmeye ba\u011flayanlar da var.<\/span><\/p>

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GEL\u0130R KAYNAKLARI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Mevcut arazilerinin tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k i\u00e7in son derece elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 sebebiyle Sudan, Afrika\u2019da bu iki alanda ciddi yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece \u00fclkenin gelir getiren kaynaklar\u0131 s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda alt\u0131n birinci, petrol ikinci ve canl\u0131 hayvan ihracat\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131raya y\u00fckseldi. Ayr\u0131ca \u015feker kam\u0131\u015f\u0131, dar\u0131, arap zamk\u0131, yer f\u0131st\u0131\u011f\u0131, susam, mango, sorgum ve sebzeler de \u00f6nemli yer tutuyor. \u00d6zellikle i\u00e7lerinde arap zamk\u0131 d\u00fcnyadaki t\u00fcm talebin y\u00fczde 80 kadar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve ihracattaki pay\u0131 100 milyon dolar\u0131n \u00fczerinde.<\/span><\/p>

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18 EYALETTEN OLU\u015eUYOR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sudan\u2019da 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda kabul edilen yeni anayasa ile devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131 5 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcreyle en fazla iki defa se\u00e7ilecekti ve ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k g\u00f6revi de \u00fczerlerinde olacakt\u0131. 18 farkl\u0131 eyaletten olu\u015fan federal bir devlet. Yasama organ\u0131 450 milletvekili bulunan Millet Meclisi ve eyalet meclislerinden olu\u015fuyor. Halk\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 70 kadar\u0131 kendisini Arap soylu kabul ediyor, geriye kalanlar ise Dinka, Fellata, Beca, Nube ve Fur gibi yerel kabilelerden olu\u015fuyor.<\/span><\/p>

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T\u00dcRK\u0130YE \u0130LE T\u0130CARET GER\u0130LED\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sudan\u2019\u0131n en \u00e7ok ithalat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeler \u00c7in (1 milyar 752 milyon dolar), Hindistan (1 milyar dolar), M\u0131s\u0131r (716 milyon dolar), Suudi Arabistan, Rusya (306 milyon dolar), T\u00fcrkiye (298 milyon dolar) ve ABD (201 milyon dolar) \u015feklinde s\u0131ralan\u0131yor. T\u00fcrkiye, 2021 y\u0131l\u0131nda Sudan ile 395 milyon dolarl\u0131k ticaret yapt\u0131. 2015 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re gerileyen bir durum s\u00f6z konusu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o sene toplamda 450 milyon dolarl\u0131k ticaretin 425 milyon dolar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den yap\u0131lan ihracatt\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"sudanin-girdaptan-cikisi","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"view_count":2398,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}