{"status":true,"post":{"id":20748,"user_id":3,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 13:56:00","created_at":"2019-08-01T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T10:56:00.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":20748,"is_featured":0,"title":"Para vak\u0131flar\u0131","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

Ayn\u0131 zamanda bir vak\u0131f medeniyeti olan Osmanl\u0131 medeniyetinde, d\u00fcnyada ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olmayan para vak\u0131flar\u0131ndan haberdar olanlar vard\u0131r, olmayanlar\u0131 da k\u0131saca bilgilendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015f gayelerinin aras\u0131nda muhta\u00e7lara yard\u0131m etmek birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 al\u0131rken, esas\u0131nda devletin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131, halk\u0131n refah\u0131 ve huzuru i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Osmanl\u0131 medeniyetinin temelini olu\u015fturan \u2018kanaat k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019 ve \u2018ihtiya\u00e7 kadar harcama ve t\u00fcketme \u00f6\u011fretisi\u2019, para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu hususlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015ftir.<\/span>
Para vak\u0131flar\u0131, toplumun huzur, g\u00fcven ve istikrar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u2018\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bar\u0131nma, beslenme\u2019 sacaya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam zeminlere oturtarak, devlete yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmay\u0131 vazife edinmi\u015ftir. Bu manada para vak\u0131flar\u0131 \u00f6nce muhta\u00e7 ailelere el uzatm\u0131\u015f, gerekli ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermi\u015f; imaretler, tekkeler, zaviyeler, kervansaray ve hanlarla muhta\u00e7 ve yolcular\u0131n g\u0131da ve bar\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmi\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek durumda olanlara i\u015f temininde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 17-18 y\u00fczy\u0131lda durum bu iken, acaba Avrupa\u2019da nas\u0131ld\u0131? Yeri gelmi\u015fken k\u0131saca oraya da bakal\u0131m.<\/span>
Devlet-i Aliye\u2019de muhta\u00e7lar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken ve sokaklarda dilenciye rastlanmazken, Avrupa\u2019da ayn\u0131 devirlerde fakirli\u011fin, yoksullu\u011fun ve dilencili\u011fin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu kaynaklarda mevcuttur.<\/span><\/p>

Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f ve zengin kabul edilen \u00fclkeleri \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019da 17-18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 40 kadar\u0131n\u0131n fakir oldu\u011fu kaydedilmektedir. 500 bin n\u00fcfusa sahip Paris ve Londra\u2019da elli\u015fer bin ki\u015filik dilenci kitlesinin sokaklar\u0131 doldurdu\u011fu da bilinmektedir.<\/span><\/p>

Ayn\u0131 devirde \u0130stanbul\u2019da 1736\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu gayrim\u00fcslim olmak \u00fczere 322 ki\u015finin dilencilik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015f ve sadece 70 gayrim\u00fcslimin \u00e7ok fakir oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, pazar g\u00fcnleri kilisede dilenmelerine m\u00fcsaade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu hususta m\u00fcracaat kaynaklar\u0131 seyyahlard\u0131r. Mesela 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul ve Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerini gezen Frans\u0131z seyyah Joseph de Tournefort hat\u0131rat\u0131nda; Osmanl\u0131 ile Bat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 ortaya koymak i\u00e7in \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ne dilenci ne de para isteyen kimse vard\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r.\u201d \u00d6te yandan 130 y\u0131l sonra D. Urguhart\u2019ta an\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: \u201cRumeli\u2019de aylarca seyahat etti\u011fim halde bir tek dilenciye rastlamad\u0131m.\u201d \u0130\u015fte bu ve benzeri seyyahlar\u0131n tarihe hayretle not d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri m\u00fcesseselerin ba\u015f\u0131nda para vak\u0131flar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

S\u00f6z uzad\u0131 ama para vak\u0131flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda biraz daha bilgi payla\u015fal\u0131m. Para vak\u0131flar\u0131, kamusal hizmetleri yerine getiren en \u00f6nemli kurulu\u015flardan birisidir. Cumhurun temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olan sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k, dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hizmetlerin \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131, vak\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan yerine getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
Vakfedilen nakit paran\u0131n i\u015fletilmesinden elde edilen gelirler, vakfiye \u015fartlar\u0131na uygun olarak m\u00fctevelli taraf\u0131ndan hay\u0131r i\u015flerine harcanmakla birlikte, vak\u0131flar\u0131n ekonomik sistem i\u00e7erisinde bir finansman arac\u0131 olarak yer almalar\u0131 da para vak\u0131flar\u0131 sayesinde olmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131 sisteminin cihan devleti Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir devlette uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131lardan sonra da herhangi bir \u0130slam \u00fclkesinde kurulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yeniliklerden birisi de y\u00fcksek gelir sahiplerinin kurdu\u011fu gayrimenkul vak\u0131flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan sekt\u00f6re, geni\u015f halk kesimlerinin, kar\u0131nca kaderlerince tasarruflar\u0131yla kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

\u2018Devaml\u0131 olan az, bir seferlik \u00e7oktan iyidir\u2019 felsefesince k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tasarruf sahipleri, Ahi birlikleri, yeni\u00e7eri odalar\u0131, mahalleler, k\u00f6yler kendi aralar\u0131nda para vak\u0131flar\u0131 kurup, toplumsal birlik ve beraberli\u011fin harc\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span>
Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli i\u015flevlerinden birisi de faizin yasak ve \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu devirlerde, kredi arz\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak ekonomiye adeta nefes ald\u0131rmalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Bu sayede \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6rlerindeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli birimler, ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan kredilere kolayca ve ucuzca eri\u015febilme imk\u00e2n\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"para-vakiflari","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Para vak\u0131flar\u0131","meta_description":"H\u00fcseyin \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":761,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":3,"name":"H\u00dcSEY\u0130N","surname":"\u00d6ZT\u00dcRK","email":"ada.tokatlioglu@turk.net","slug":"huseyin-ozturk","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/1733691600d1camTRk8GL2Xc5.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-09-15T09:39:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T14:51:11.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":20847,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":20748,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Para vak\u0131flar\u0131","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

Ayn\u0131 zamanda bir vak\u0131f medeniyeti olan Osmanl\u0131 medeniyetinde, d\u00fcnyada ba\u015fka bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olmayan para vak\u0131flar\u0131ndan haberdar olanlar vard\u0131r, olmayanlar\u0131 da k\u0131saca bilgilendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n kurulu\u015f gayelerinin aras\u0131nda muhta\u00e7lara yard\u0131m etmek birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 al\u0131rken, esas\u0131nda devletin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131, halk\u0131n refah\u0131 ve huzuru i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Osmanl\u0131 medeniyetinin temelini olu\u015fturan \u2018kanaat k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019 ve \u2018ihtiya\u00e7 kadar harcama ve t\u00fcketme \u00f6\u011fretisi\u2019, para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde durdu\u011fu hususlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015ftir.<\/span>
Para vak\u0131flar\u0131, toplumun huzur, g\u00fcven ve istikrar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u2018\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bar\u0131nma, beslenme\u2019 sacaya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam zeminlere oturtarak, devlete yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmay\u0131 vazife edinmi\u015ftir. Bu manada para vak\u0131flar\u0131 \u00f6nce muhta\u00e7 ailelere el uzatm\u0131\u015f, gerekli ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermi\u015f; imaretler, tekkeler, zaviyeler, kervansaray ve hanlarla muhta\u00e7 ve yolcular\u0131n g\u0131da ve bar\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmi\u015f, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilecek durumda olanlara i\u015f temininde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde 17-18 y\u00fczy\u0131lda durum bu iken, acaba Avrupa\u2019da nas\u0131ld\u0131? Yeri gelmi\u015fken k\u0131saca oraya da bakal\u0131m.<\/span>
Devlet-i Aliye\u2019de muhta\u00e7lar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken ve sokaklarda dilenciye rastlanmazken, Avrupa\u2019da ayn\u0131 devirlerde fakirli\u011fin, yoksullu\u011fun ve dilencili\u011fin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011fu kaynaklarda mevcuttur.<\/span><\/p>

Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015f ve zengin kabul edilen \u00fclkeleri \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019da 17-18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda n\u00fcfusun y\u00fczde 40 kadar\u0131n\u0131n fakir oldu\u011fu kaydedilmektedir. 500 bin n\u00fcfusa sahip Paris ve Londra\u2019da elli\u015fer bin ki\u015filik dilenci kitlesinin sokaklar\u0131 doldurdu\u011fu da bilinmektedir.<\/span><\/p>

Ayn\u0131 devirde \u0130stanbul\u2019da 1736\u2019da yap\u0131lan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmada, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu gayrim\u00fcslim olmak \u00fczere 322 ki\u015finin dilencilik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilmi\u015f ve sadece 70 gayrim\u00fcslimin \u00e7ok fakir oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, pazar g\u00fcnleri kilisede dilenmelerine m\u00fcsaade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu hususta m\u00fcracaat kaynaklar\u0131 seyyahlard\u0131r. Mesela 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul ve Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerini gezen Frans\u0131z seyyah Joseph de Tournefort hat\u0131rat\u0131nda; Osmanl\u0131 ile Bat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 ortaya koymak i\u00e7in \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ne dilenci ne de para isteyen kimse vard\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r.\u201d \u00d6te yandan 130 y\u0131l sonra D. Urguhart\u2019ta an\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: \u201cRumeli\u2019de aylarca seyahat etti\u011fim halde bir tek dilenciye rastlamad\u0131m.\u201d \u0130\u015fte bu ve benzeri seyyahlar\u0131n tarihe hayretle not d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri m\u00fcesseselerin ba\u015f\u0131nda para vak\u0131flar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

S\u00f6z uzad\u0131 ama para vak\u0131flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda biraz daha bilgi payla\u015fal\u0131m. Para vak\u0131flar\u0131, kamusal hizmetleri yerine getiren en \u00f6nemli kurulu\u015flardan birisidir. Cumhurun temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olan sa\u011fl\u0131k, e\u011fitim, bay\u0131nd\u0131rl\u0131k, dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hizmetlerin \u00f6nemli k\u0131sm\u0131, vak\u0131flar taraf\u0131ndan yerine getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/span>
Vakfedilen nakit paran\u0131n i\u015fletilmesinden elde edilen gelirler, vakfiye \u015fartlar\u0131na uygun olarak m\u00fctevelli taraf\u0131ndan hay\u0131r i\u015flerine harcanmakla birlikte, vak\u0131flar\u0131n ekonomik sistem i\u00e7erisinde bir finansman arac\u0131 olarak yer almalar\u0131 da para vak\u0131flar\u0131 sayesinde olmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131 sisteminin cihan devleti Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan \u00f6nce hi\u00e7bir devlette uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131lardan sonra da herhangi bir \u0130slam \u00fclkesinde kurulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n getirdi\u011fi yeniliklerden birisi de y\u00fcksek gelir sahiplerinin kurdu\u011fu gayrimenkul vak\u0131flar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan sekt\u00f6re, geni\u015f halk kesimlerinin, kar\u0131nca kaderlerince tasarruflar\u0131yla kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>

\u2018Devaml\u0131 olan az, bir seferlik \u00e7oktan iyidir\u2019 felsefesince k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tasarruf sahipleri, Ahi birlikleri, yeni\u00e7eri odalar\u0131, mahalleler, k\u00f6yler kendi aralar\u0131nda para vak\u0131flar\u0131 kurup, toplumsal birlik ve beraberli\u011fin harc\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span>
Para vak\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli i\u015flevlerinden birisi de faizin yasak ve \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu devirlerde, kredi arz\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rarak ekonomiye adeta nefes ald\u0131rmalar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/span><\/p>

Bu sayede \u00fcretim sekt\u00f6rlerindeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli birimler, ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan kredilere kolayca ve ucuzca eri\u015febilme imk\u00e2n\u0131na kavu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"para-vakiflari","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Para vak\u0131flar\u0131","meta_description":"H\u00fcseyin \u00d6zt\u00fcrk","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":761,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}