{"status":true,"post":{"id":43529,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2023-09-18 09:15:00","created_at":"2023-09-18T06:15:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-09-18T06:15:00.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":43529,"is_featured":0,"title":"\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine Nairobi Deklarasyonu","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

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Afrika Birli\u011fi \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen Afrika \u0130klim Zirvesi\u2019nde, k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin iklim kriziyle m\u00fccadele ve iklim finansman\u0131na ili\u015fkin yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen Nairobi Deklarasyonu a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu deklarasyon, \u00a0iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadelede \u00e7e\u015fitli fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 yan\u0131nda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n da kararl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>


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\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadele konusunun uluslararas\u0131 alanda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden 30 y\u0131l gibi bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7ti. K\u0131saca COP diye ifade edilen ve 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bug\u00fcne kadar (Covid-19 sebebiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyen 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 hari\u00e7) her y\u0131l farkl\u0131 bir \u00fclkede d\u00fczenlenen bulu\u015fmada; h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, i\u015fletmeler, finans kurumlar\u0131, yerel y\u00f6netimler ve sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden y\u00fczlerce ki\u015finin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla bu konu ele al\u0131n\u0131yor. Afrika, Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle ilgili yap\u0131lan ilk zirvenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda COP olarak 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 5 b\u00fcy\u00fck bulu\u015fmaya ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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4 KITA, 4 KARAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi alan\u0131nda Conference of the Parties\u2019in k\u0131saltmas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan 3 ayr\u0131 COP, yani konferans t\u00fcr\u00fc var. Biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle ilgili bu konferanslar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc. Her y\u0131l d\u00fcnyada iklim ile ilgili hedefleri belirlemek \u00fczere halihaz\u0131rda 197 devlet ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin imza att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00f6z konusu olan\u2026 \u015eimdiye kadar imzalanan 1992\u2019de \u2018Rio S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019, 1997\u2019de \u2018Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019, 2015\u2019te \u2018Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019 ve son olarak Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkentinde \u2018Nairobi Deklarasyonu\u2019 ile bu konudaki 4 farkl\u0131 metin kabul edilerek uluslararas\u0131 topluma ilan edildi. B\u00f6ylece 4 ayr\u0131 k\u0131tada, 4 \u00f6nemli metin, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in al\u0131nacak tedbirlerin yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek \u015fekilde kabul edildi.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

28 COP BULU\u015eMASI\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Brezilya\u2019da Rio \u015fehrinde \u2018D\u00fcnya Zirvesi\u2019 ile ba\u015flayan s\u00fcreci takiben ilki COP1 ad\u0131yla 1995\u2019te Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Berlin \u015fehrinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar toplam 28 COP bulu\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlardan zirve \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc Afrika\u2019da Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Konferanslar\u0131n 13\u2019\u00fc Avrupa, 5\u2019i Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika, 4\u2019\u00fc ise Asya \u015fehirlerinde\u2026 Afrika\u2019da ise ilki 2001\u2019de Fas\u2019ta Marake\u015f\u2019te, 2006\u2019da Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de, 2011\u2019de G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da Durban\u2019da, 2016\u2019da tekrar Marake\u015f\u2019te, 2022\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u015earm el-\u015eeyh\u2019te ve 2023\u2019te tekrar Nairobi\u2019de d\u00fczenlendi. 6 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc Nairobi Deklarasyonu ile sonu\u00e7 bildirgesi 54 Afrika \u00fclkesinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla imzalanarak kabul edildi.<\/span><\/p>

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ETK\u0130S\u0130 AZ OLAN KITA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde Afrika, karbon sal\u0131m oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 4 seviyesiyle en az etki yapan k\u0131ta. Ancak geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sal\u0131mlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok fazla etkilendi\u011fi bir ger\u00e7ek. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan ve t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme, protokol, anla\u015fma ve deklarasyon \u015feklinde kabul etti\u011fi kararlara Afrika \u00fclkeleri de uymak zorunda kalacak. Fakat \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fine ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya en az katk\u0131 yapan ve \u015fimdiye kadar sahip bulundu\u011fu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu da geli\u015fmi\u015f ve de zengin \u00fclkelere ihra\u00e7 edilen fosil kaynaklar\u0131na dayal\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde katlanmalar\u0131n\u0131n istenmesi, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck olarak kabul edilmiyor. \u00d6zellikle ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda bulunan yeni petrol ve do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, kendi enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullanmaya haz\u0131rland\u0131klar\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde Afrika \u00fclkelerinin bu s\u00fcrece m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse hi\u00e7 ba\u015flamamalar\u0131 bekleniyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KA\u2019NIN \u0130K\u0130LEM\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019da en \u00f6nemli konulardan biri, k\u0131ta \u00fclkeleri \u00f6zellikle do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere gelecekte fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131 kullanmaya devam etmeli mi, yoksa bir an evvel yenilenebilir enerjiye ge\u00e7erek karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma e\u011filimine ayak m\u0131 uydurmal\u0131 m\u0131 sorusu. Asl\u0131nda k\u0131tan\u0131n mevcut g\u00fcne\u015f, r\u00fczgar, hidrolik ve termal kaynaklar\u0131 devreye al\u0131nabilse t\u00fcm ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 95\u2019ini kar\u015f\u0131layacak imk\u00e2nlara sahip. \u00d6ncelikle k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin g\u0131da sanayi, g\u00fcbre fabrikalar\u0131, demir \u00e7elik sanayi, \u00e7imento ve i\u00e7me sular\u0131n\u0131n tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi alanlarda enerjiye acilen ihtiyac\u0131 var. \u0130kametlerde do\u011falgaz kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, sera gaz\u0131 etkisi yapacak sal\u0131mlar\u0131 fazla art\u0131rmayacak. Zaten \u015fu anda ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi mevcut fosil enerji kaynaklar\u0131 da Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir\u00e7ok ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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Afrika \u00fclkeleri, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda mevcut yenilenebilir enerji \u00fcretimlerinin 6 kat art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve 2022\u2019deki 56 gigawatt olan mevcudun 2030\u2019da 300 gigawatta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ediyor. Yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve bor\u00e7lanma \u015fekillerinin de hafifletilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir beklenti. Yine k\u0131tan\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun bir finansman\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 gerekiyor. Hen\u00fcz fosil yak\u0131t ticaretinin y\u00fcksek hacimde olmas\u0131, deniz ve hava ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve karbon vergisi gibi a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ciddi s\u00fcre\u00e7ler var.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KALILAR ALACAKLI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u00c7o\u011fu Afrika \u00fclkeleri olmak \u00fczere \u00e7evreyi en \u00e7ok kirleten \u00fclkelerin fakir \u00fclkelere y\u0131ll\u0131k 100 milyar dolar iklim finansman\u0131 sa\u011flamalar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde vaatler var. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n as\u0131l failleri, epeyce bir zamand\u0131r as\u0131l kirleticiler olup Afrikal\u0131lara iklim bor\u00e7lar\u0131 var. Kendileri kirletmedikleri ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n m\u00fcsebbibi olmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde mesela \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llardan itibaren Avrupa\u2019ya yapacaklar\u0131 ihracatta karbon vergisine tabi k\u0131l\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 kabullenemiyorlar. Bunlar Afrika devletleri taraf\u0131ndan inceleniyor. Aksi takdirde mevcut yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi, sermayenin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bulunmas\u0131, bor\u00e7lanmalar\u0131n maliyeti bu k\u0131tada Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika ve \u00c7in\u2019e g\u00f6re k\u0131yasla 2, bazen de 3 kat fazla olabiliyor. Her y\u0131l \u00f6denmesi gereken k\u0131tan\u0131n toplam d\u0131\u015f borcu 70 milyar dolar\u0131 ge\u00e7iyor. Bu da \u00f6nceden belirlenen hedefleri tutturabilmenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en ciddi engellerden biri.<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA DURUM<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Nairobi \u0130klim Zirvesi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadelede \u00e7e\u015fitli fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ile beraber yine de Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kararl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu. Afrika Birli\u011fi d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na Komorlar, deklarasyonda okyanuslar\u0131n ve mavi ekonominin \u00f6nemine de de\u011finilmesini istedikleri halde yer verilmedi\u011fini belirtti. Bostvana ise iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011findeki uyum meselesinin \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir dille ifade edilmedi\u011finden \u015fikayet\u00e7i oldu. Bu konudaki uyum i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan finans kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bu talebi de metinde yer almad\u0131. G\u00fcney Afrika b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini finanse etmek i\u00e7in yeni bir k\u00fcresel vergi rejimi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na destek vermeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirirken, Nijerya da benzer bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nd\u0131. Nairobi Deklarasyonu\u2019nda en \u00f6nemli nokta, ye\u015fil b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00fcc\u00fc konusu \u00fczerinde vurgu yap\u0131lmas\u0131. Bundan sonraki 4 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te ayn\u0131 konuyu ele alan toplant\u0131lar\u0131 da ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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D\u00dcNYADAK\u0130 KARARLILIK\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 sanayi devrimi \u00f6ncesindeki gibi 1.50C seviyesinde tutmak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7aban\u0131n devam etti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde, sanayile\u015fme yolundaki G\u00fcney Afrika ve Nijerya gibi baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler hari\u00e7 Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n bunda etkisinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Haliyle Kenya devleti ve Afrika Birli\u011fi Sekreteryas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Nairobi Deklarasyonu metni ciddi ele\u015ftirilere sebep oldu. Bunun hemen ard\u0131ndan Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019nin de G20\u2019nin i\u00e7inde yer almas\u0131na karar verilen Hindistan Zirvesi, 20 Eyl\u00fcl 2023 tarihinde New York\u2019ta Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Sekreteri\u2019nin himayesinde yap\u0131lacak toplant\u0131 ve bu sene kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Dubai\u2019de d\u00fczenlenecek iklim zirveleri, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmada bir an evvel acil tedbirleri uygulamadaki kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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23 M\u0130LYAR DOLARLIK VAAT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Kenya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 William Ruto, \u00fclkesindeki zirve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u0131tan\u0131n ekonomik olarak kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yenilenebilir enerji konusunda 4.1 milyar dolar\u0131 Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri\u2019nden olmak \u00fczere 23 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m vaadinde bulunuldu\u011fu bilgisini payla\u015ft\u0131. Zira Afrika, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n ba\u015f kurbanlar\u0131ndan biri olsa da bununla m\u00fccadeledeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc bir tarafa b\u0131rakacak durumda de\u011fil. Afrika, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 3\u2019l\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekebiliyor. Haliyle Afrikal\u0131lar\u2019dan beklenenlerle vaat edilenler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir u\u00e7urum var ve bunun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n k\u0131taya daha fazla y\u00f6nlendirilmesi gerekiyor. Temiz enerjinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda ABD, \u0130ngiltere ve Danimarka\u2019n\u0131n ortak projesi ile 23 Ekim 2019\u2019da hayata ge\u00e7irilen Senegal\u2019deki Taiba Ndiaye r\u00fczgar \u00e7iftli\u011fi bir devrim olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Aksi takdirde d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun be\u015fte birinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131tada giderek artan enerji meselelerine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm kolay g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>","slug":"iklim-degisikligine-nairobi-deklarasyonu","tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"news_cover_min":"\/front\/uploads\/blog\/thumbnail\/1694984400OjkgTyJ9UOr0Czn.webp","news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1928,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":43655,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":43529,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine Nairobi Deklarasyonu","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Afrika Birli\u011fi \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen Afrika \u0130klim Zirvesi\u2019nde, k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin iklim kriziyle m\u00fccadele ve iklim finansman\u0131na ili\u015fkin yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen Nairobi Deklarasyonu a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. S\u00f6z konusu deklarasyon, \u00a0iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadelede \u00e7e\u015fitli fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 yan\u0131nda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n da kararl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>


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\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadele konusunun uluslararas\u0131 alanda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden 30 y\u0131l gibi bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7ti. K\u0131saca COP diye ifade edilen ve 1995 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bug\u00fcne kadar (Covid-19 sebebiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyen 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 hari\u00e7) her y\u0131l farkl\u0131 bir \u00fclkede d\u00fczenlenen bulu\u015fmada; h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, i\u015fletmeler, finans kurumlar\u0131, yerel y\u00f6netimler ve sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden y\u00fczlerce ki\u015finin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla bu konu ele al\u0131n\u0131yor. Afrika, Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle ilgili yap\u0131lan ilk zirvenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda COP olarak 2001 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren 5 b\u00fcy\u00fck bulu\u015fmaya ev sahipli\u011fi yapt\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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4 KITA, 4 KARAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi alan\u0131nda Conference of the Parties\u2019in k\u0131saltmas\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan 3 ayr\u0131 COP, yani konferans t\u00fcr\u00fc var. Biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlilik, \u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fmeye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ve iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle ilgili bu konferanslar\u0131n en \u00f6nemlisi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc. Her y\u0131l d\u00fcnyada iklim ile ilgili hedefleri belirlemek \u00fczere halihaz\u0131rda 197 devlet ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin imza att\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme s\u00f6z konusu olan\u2026 \u015eimdiye kadar imzalanan 1992\u2019de \u2018Rio S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019, 1997\u2019de \u2018Kyoto Protokol\u00fc\u2019, 2015\u2019te \u2018Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019 ve son olarak Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkentinde \u2018Nairobi Deklarasyonu\u2019 ile bu konudaki 4 farkl\u0131 metin kabul edilerek uluslararas\u0131 topluma ilan edildi. B\u00f6ylece 4 ayr\u0131 k\u0131tada, 4 \u00f6nemli metin, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in al\u0131nacak tedbirlerin yol haritas\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek \u015fekilde kabul edildi.<\/span><\/p>

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28 COP BULU\u015eMASI\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Brezilya\u2019da Rio \u015fehrinde \u2018D\u00fcnya Zirvesi\u2019 ile ba\u015flayan s\u00fcreci takiben ilki COP1 ad\u0131yla 1995\u2019te Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Berlin \u015fehrinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar toplam 28 COP bulu\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlardan zirve \u00f6zelli\u011fine sahip 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc Afrika\u2019da Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Konferanslar\u0131n 13\u2019\u00fc Avrupa, 5\u2019i Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Amerika, 4\u2019\u00fc ise Asya \u015fehirlerinde\u2026 Afrika\u2019da ise ilki 2001\u2019de Fas\u2019ta Marake\u015f\u2019te, 2006\u2019da Kenya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Nairobi\u2019de, 2011\u2019de G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da Durban\u2019da, 2016\u2019da tekrar Marake\u015f\u2019te, 2022\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da \u015earm el-\u015eeyh\u2019te ve 2023\u2019te tekrar Nairobi\u2019de d\u00fczenlendi. 6 Eyl\u00fcl g\u00fcn\u00fc Nairobi Deklarasyonu ile sonu\u00e7 bildirgesi 54 Afrika \u00fclkesinin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla imzalanarak kabul edildi.<\/span><\/p>

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ETK\u0130S\u0130 AZ OLAN KITA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finde Afrika, karbon sal\u0131m oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 4 seviyesiyle en az etki yapan k\u0131ta. Ancak geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sal\u0131mlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok fazla etkilendi\u011fi bir ger\u00e7ek. Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda ba\u015flat\u0131lan ve t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme, protokol, anla\u015fma ve deklarasyon \u015feklinde kabul etti\u011fi kararlara Afrika \u00fclkeleri de uymak zorunda kalacak. Fakat \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fine ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya en az katk\u0131 yapan ve \u015fimdiye kadar sahip bulundu\u011fu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu da geli\u015fmi\u015f ve de zengin \u00fclkelere ihra\u00e7 edilen fosil kaynaklar\u0131na dayal\u0131 sonu\u00e7lara ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde katlanmalar\u0131n\u0131n istenmesi, d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck olarak kabul edilmiyor. \u00d6zellikle ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda bulunan yeni petrol ve do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, kendi enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kullanmaya haz\u0131rland\u0131klar\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde Afrika \u00fclkelerinin bu s\u00fcrece m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse hi\u00e7 ba\u015flamamalar\u0131 bekleniyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KA\u2019NIN \u0130K\u0130LEM\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019da en \u00f6nemli konulardan biri, k\u0131ta \u00fclkeleri \u00f6zellikle do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere gelecekte fosil yak\u0131tlar\u0131 kullanmaya devam etmeli mi, yoksa bir an evvel yenilenebilir enerjiye ge\u00e7erek karbonsuzla\u015ft\u0131rma e\u011filimine ayak m\u0131 uydurmal\u0131 m\u0131 sorusu. Asl\u0131nda k\u0131tan\u0131n mevcut g\u00fcne\u015f, r\u00fczgar, hidrolik ve termal kaynaklar\u0131 devreye al\u0131nabilse t\u00fcm ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 95\u2019ini kar\u015f\u0131layacak imk\u00e2nlara sahip. \u00d6ncelikle k\u0131ta \u00fclkelerinin g\u0131da sanayi, g\u00fcbre fabrikalar\u0131, demir \u00e7elik sanayi, \u00e7imento ve i\u00e7me sular\u0131n\u0131n tuzdan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi alanlarda enerjiye acilen ihtiyac\u0131 var. \u0130kametlerde do\u011falgaz kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, sera gaz\u0131 etkisi yapacak sal\u0131mlar\u0131 fazla art\u0131rmayacak. Zaten \u015fu anda ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi mevcut fosil enerji kaynaklar\u0131 da Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerin g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir\u00e7ok ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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Afrika \u00fclkeleri, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda mevcut yenilenebilir enerji \u00fcretimlerinin 6 kat art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve 2022\u2019deki 56 gigawatt olan mevcudun 2030\u2019da 300 gigawatta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ediyor. Yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve bor\u00e7lanma \u015fekillerinin de hafifletilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir beklenti. Yine k\u0131tan\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uygun bir finansman\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 gerekiyor. Hen\u00fcz fosil yak\u0131t ticaretinin y\u00fcksek hacimde olmas\u0131, deniz ve hava ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve karbon vergisi gibi a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ciddi s\u00fcre\u00e7ler var.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KALILAR ALACAKLI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u00c7o\u011fu Afrika \u00fclkeleri olmak \u00fczere \u00e7evreyi en \u00e7ok kirleten \u00fclkelerin fakir \u00fclkelere y\u0131ll\u0131k 100 milyar dolar iklim finansman\u0131 sa\u011flamalar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde vaatler var. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7evre kirlili\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n as\u0131l failleri, epeyce bir zamand\u0131r as\u0131l kirleticiler olup Afrikal\u0131lara iklim bor\u00e7lar\u0131 var. Kendileri kirletmedikleri ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n m\u00fcsebbibi olmad\u0131klar\u0131 halde mesela \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llardan itibaren Avrupa\u2019ya yapacaklar\u0131 ihracatta karbon vergisine tabi k\u0131l\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131 kabullenemiyorlar. Bunlar Afrika devletleri taraf\u0131ndan inceleniyor. Aksi takdirde mevcut yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi, sermayenin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bulunmas\u0131, bor\u00e7lanmalar\u0131n maliyeti bu k\u0131tada Avrupa, Kuzey Amerika ve \u00c7in\u2019e g\u00f6re k\u0131yasla 2, bazen de 3 kat fazla olabiliyor. Her y\u0131l \u00f6denmesi gereken k\u0131tan\u0131n toplam d\u0131\u015f borcu 70 milyar dolar\u0131 ge\u00e7iyor. Bu da \u00f6nceden belirlenen hedefleri tutturabilmenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki en ciddi engellerden biri.<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA DURUM<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Nairobi \u0130klim Zirvesi, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle m\u00fccadelede \u00e7e\u015fitli fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ile beraber yine de Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kararl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu. Afrika Birli\u011fi d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na Komorlar, deklarasyonda okyanuslar\u0131n ve mavi ekonominin \u00f6nemine de de\u011finilmesini istedikleri halde yer verilmedi\u011fini belirtti. Bostvana ise iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011findeki uyum meselesinin \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k bir dille ifade edilmedi\u011finden \u015fikayet\u00e7i oldu. Bu konudaki uyum i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan finans kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n bu talebi de metinde yer almad\u0131. G\u00fcney Afrika b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini finanse etmek i\u00e7in yeni bir k\u00fcresel vergi rejimi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na destek vermeyece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dile getirirken, Nijerya da benzer bir tav\u0131r tak\u0131nd\u0131. Nairobi Deklarasyonu\u2019nda en \u00f6nemli nokta, ye\u015fil b\u00fcy\u00fcme g\u00fcc\u00fc konusu \u00fczerinde vurgu yap\u0131lmas\u0131. Bundan sonraki 4 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre\u00e7te ayn\u0131 konuyu ele alan toplant\u0131lar\u0131 da ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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D\u00dcNYADAK\u0130 KARARLILIK\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmay\u0131 sanayi devrimi \u00f6ncesindeki gibi 1.50C seviyesinde tutmak i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 \u00e7aban\u0131n devam etti\u011fi bir d\u00f6nemde, sanayile\u015fme yolundaki G\u00fcney Afrika ve Nijerya gibi baz\u0131 \u00fclkeler hari\u00e7 Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n bunda etkisinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Haliyle Kenya devleti ve Afrika Birli\u011fi Sekreteryas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Nairobi Deklarasyonu metni ciddi ele\u015ftirilere sebep oldu. Bunun hemen ard\u0131ndan Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019nin de G20\u2019nin i\u00e7inde yer almas\u0131na karar verilen Hindistan Zirvesi, 20 Eyl\u00fcl 2023 tarihinde New York\u2019ta Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler Genel Sekreteri\u2019nin himayesinde yap\u0131lacak toplant\u0131 ve bu sene kas\u0131m ay\u0131nda Dubai\u2019de d\u00fczenlenecek iklim zirveleri, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmada bir an evvel acil tedbirleri uygulamadaki kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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23 M\u0130LYAR DOLARLIK VAAT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Kenya Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 William Ruto, \u00fclkesindeki zirve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla k\u0131tan\u0131n ekonomik olarak kalk\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yenilenebilir enerji konusunda 4.1 milyar dolar\u0131 Birle\u015fik Arap Emirlikleri\u2019nden olmak \u00fczere 23 milyar dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m vaadinde bulunuldu\u011fu bilgisini payla\u015ft\u0131. Zira Afrika, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n ba\u015f kurbanlar\u0131ndan biri olsa da bununla m\u00fccadeledeki rol\u00fcn\u00fc bir tarafa b\u0131rakacak durumda de\u011fil. Afrika, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 3\u2019l\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekebiliyor. Haliyle Afrikal\u0131lar\u2019dan beklenenlerle vaat edilenler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir u\u00e7urum var ve bunun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n k\u0131taya daha fazla y\u00f6nlendirilmesi gerekiyor. Temiz enerjinin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda ABD, \u0130ngiltere ve Danimarka\u2019n\u0131n ortak projesi ile 23 Ekim 2019\u2019da hayata ge\u00e7irilen Senegal\u2019deki Taiba Ndiaye r\u00fczgar \u00e7iftli\u011fi bir devrim olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Aksi takdirde d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun be\u015fte birinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131tada giderek artan enerji meselelerine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm kolay g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>","slug":"iklim-degisikligine-nairobi-deklarasyonu","orjinalimage":"\/front\/uploads\/blog\/thumbnail\/1694984400OjkgTyJ9UOr0Czn.webp","news_cover_min":"\/front\/uploads\/blog\/thumbnail\/1694984400OjkgTyJ9UOr0Czn.webp","news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"view_count":1928,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}