{"status":true,"post":{"id":38531,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2023-04-03 08:15:00","created_at":"2023-04-03T05:15:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-04-03T05:15:00.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":38531,"is_featured":0,"title":"\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine \u00e7are: Gelece\u011fin tah\u0131l\u0131 sorgum","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

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Gelece\u011fin tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131s\u0131r de\u011fil, sorgum olaca\u011f\u0131na \u015fimdiden kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7ok az suya ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131, sorgumu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde yeti\u015ftirilecek bitki haline getirdi. Sadece Fransa, anavatan\u0131 Afrika olan bu tah\u0131l\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in 2015-2019 aras\u0131nda 4 y\u0131lda ekilecek arazi miktar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 50 art\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Bitki olarak en dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, kurakl\u0131k zamanlar\u0131nda dar\u0131 ile birlikte en az su ile verimlili\u011fini korumas\u0131. \u00c7ok suya ihtiya\u00e7 duyan m\u0131s\u0131r tah\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u00f6klerinin \u00e7ok daha derinlere inmesi sebebiyle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklardan fazla etkilenmiyor. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n 30 dereceyi ge\u00e7ti\u011fi iklimlerde bile b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Anavatan\u0131 Afrika\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karak t\u00fcm k\u0131talara yay\u0131lan sorgum tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131n gelecekte \u00e7ok duyaca\u011f\u0131z. \u0130lk defa Etiyopya\u2019da insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hayat\u0131na girdi\u011fi, zamanla \u00e7evresindeki \u00fclkelere ve t\u00fcm k\u0131taya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Bunun insano\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan yiyecek olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 uzun vakit alm\u0131\u015f ve tahminen 10 bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Milattan \u00f6nceki as\u0131rlarda Anadolu\u2019da, G\u00fcney Avrupa\u2019da bu bitkinin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fine dair bilgiler yan\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da arkeologlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla i\u00e7ki \u00fcretiminin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair baz\u0131 izlere rastlanm\u0131\u015f ve ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlarda bilgiler bulunuyor. Haliyle o devirlerde yemekten ziyade i\u00e7ilecek bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Ancak bunun bitkiler aleminde \u015fimdiki bilinen ismiyle kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irilmesi, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 buldu. \u00d6zellikle Moench isimli bir botanik\u00e7i, 1794 y\u0131l\u0131nda bitki \u00e7e\u015fitleri ile ilgili kitab\u0131nda bunu \u2018sorghum bicolor\u2019 olarak kaydetti. Frans\u0131zlar bu bitkiyi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Afrika\u2019dan getirdikleri tah\u0131llar aras\u0131nda tan\u0131d\u0131larsa da ilgi \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonunu buldu.<\/span><\/p>

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KOLAY YET\u0130\u015e\u0130YOR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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As\u0131rlar boyunca hem Afrika\u2019da hem de yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer co\u011frafyalarda bu bitkinin hayati bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndan ziyade kuvvetle muhtemel kolay yeti\u015ftirilmesi sebebiyle istifadesi s\u00f6z konusu idi. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 ba\u015fta kurakl\u0131k dahil pek \u00e7ok endi\u015fe verici durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tar\u0131m\u0131n hi\u00e7 de umut vermeyen gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aran\u0131rken, sorgum binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015finde g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 haline geldi. D\u00fcnyadaki tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok \u00fcretilenler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda m\u0131s\u0131r bitkisi ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. Onu s\u0131ras\u0131yla bu\u011fday, pirin\u00e7 ve arpa takip ediyor. Bunlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ise sorgum be\u015finci s\u0131rada geliyor. Ancak \u015fimdiden gelece\u011fin tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131s\u0131r de\u011fil, sorgum olaca\u011f\u0131na kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yor. Dahas\u0131 g\u0131da kalorisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da pirin\u00e7, bu\u011fday, \u015feker, m\u0131s\u0131r ve patatesten sonra sorgum alt\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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Y\u00dcZDE 40\u2019I AFR\u0130KA\u2019DAN\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Halen t\u00fcm k\u0131talardaki \u00fcretici \u00fclkelerde toplam 70 milyon ton civar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ediliyor. 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda sorgum \u00fcretimi 40 milyon ton civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bunun y\u00fczde 35-40 kadar\u0131 kendi ana yurdu olan Afrika\u2019da \u00fcretiliyor. Bu bitkinin adeta ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 kabul edilen ve Bat\u0131 dillerinde \u2018mil\u2019 ya da \u2018millet\u2019 denen \u2018dar\u0131\u2019 ise y\u0131ll\u0131k hasat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bu k\u0131tada, d\u00fcnya \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde50\u2019si gibi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orana sahip.<\/span><\/p>

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\u0130KL\u0130M D\u0130RENC\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum bitkisini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu kadar \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan temel husus, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin geleneksel tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 verimlilik oranlar\u0131n\u0131n giderek d\u00fc\u015fmesi. Yoksa 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar bu \u00fcr\u00fcn, Bat\u0131\u2019da sadece hayvan yemi olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekmiyordu. Fransa\u2019da mevcut ekilebilen arazilerin yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 farkl\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de olsa genelde hayvan yemi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Haliyle sorgum da y\u00fczde 90 gibi y\u00fcksek oranda hayvan yemine y\u00f6nelik ekilip bi\u00e7iliyor. Ama \u00f6zellikle Sahraalt\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in bu bitkinin neredeyse y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131, bizzat insanlar\u0131n en temel beslenme kayna\u011f\u0131 idi. Uluslararas\u0131 g\u0131da ticareti, bu al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in her yolu deniyor. K\u0131ta insanlar\u0131 bunlar\u0131n yerine hi\u00e7 al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131klar\u0131 m\u0131s\u0131r, pirin\u00e7 ve bu\u011fday gibi g\u0131da maddelerini t\u00fcketecek \u015fekilde \u00f6nlerine koydu.<\/span><\/p>

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SUYA \u0130HT\u0130YACI AZ<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u00c7ok az suya ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131, sorgumu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde yeti\u015ftirilecek bitki haline getirdi. B\u00f6cek ila\u00e7lar\u0131na fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmamas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00e7evre hassasiyeti konusunda da bu bitkinin ekimini cazip hale getiriyor. Dahas\u0131 besicilikte Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n soyas\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k azal\u0131rken, bu \u00fcr\u00fcne talep var diye Amazon ormanlar\u0131nda kesilen a\u011fa\u00e7lara da daha az dokunulmu\u015f olacak. Tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131m bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fazla masraf\u0131 gerektirmemesi de bu bitkiye ilgiyi art\u0131r\u0131yor. Makinala\u015fman\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerde, zorunlu kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar sebebiyle bu bitkinin, yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u00fclkelerin \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0131slah edilip 1 metre 20 santimetreyi ge\u00e7memesine \u00f6zen g\u00f6steriliyor.<\/span><\/p>

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MISIRA ALTERNAT\u0130F<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Neredeyse k\u00f6k\u00fcnden yaprak ucuna, tohumlar\u0131ndan saplar\u0131na kadar her par\u00e7as\u0131 kullan\u0131lan ve en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck israf\u0131 dahi yap\u0131lmayan sorgum bitkisinin, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fcnya tah\u0131l s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n yerini kesin bir \u015fekilde alaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00dcretiminin kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda g\u00fcbrelemeye fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duymamas\u0131, tah\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle Sahraalt\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n en temel g\u0131da maddesi olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011ferini art\u0131r\u0131yor. \u0130nsanlar kadar hayvanlar\u0131n da art\u0131k beslenmesinde vazge\u00e7ilmez hale geldi. Yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n boyac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, biyoyak\u0131t i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan m\u00fcspet sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi say\u0131lamayacak faydalar\u0131 bulunuyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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FRANSA\u2019NIN \u0130LG\u0130S\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum aynen pirin\u00e7 gibi tah\u0131l olarak veya una d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek t\u00fcketilebilir. Tar\u0131m arazilerinde yabani otlarla m\u00fccadelede sorgum adeta imdada yeti\u015fen bir bitki. Bir\u00e7ok sebebe dayal\u0131 olarak Avrupa\u2019da sadece 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda sorgum i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan arazilerin miktar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 20 art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bu k\u0131tan\u0131n da bu bitkiye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Sadece Fransa, bu tah\u0131l\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in 2015-2019 aras\u0131nda ekilecek arazi miktar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 50 art\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 2050\u2019ye uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te ya\u015fanacak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kaynakl\u0131 kurakl\u0131\u011fa pirin\u00e7 ve bu\u011fdaydan ziyade sorgum ve dar\u0131 diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterecek. Bu\u011fdayda y\u00fczde 21, pirin\u00e7te y\u00fczde 12 oran\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn azalmas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131, buna mukabil ise sorgumda y\u00fczde 8 ve dar\u0131da sadece y\u00fczde 5 azalma beklentisi var.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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K\u0130NOA MUAD\u0130L\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum, art\u0131k farkl\u0131 \u00e7evrelerde kinoa tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n muadili olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u015eekerli ve \u015fekersiz t\u00fcrleri de bulunuyor. Bir\u00e7ok yeme\u011fe sorgum ilave edilebiliyor. Saplar\u0131 da \u015fekerkam\u0131\u015f\u0131 saplar\u0131 gibi \u00e7i\u011fnenerek, \u015feker ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131layabiliyor. Pastac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda ve bisk\u00fcvi \u00fcretiminde de \u00e7e\u015fitli katk\u0131 maddeleri aras\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Tunus\u2019ta \u2018droo\u2019 denilen sorgum tatl\u0131lar\u0131, Ramazan\u2019da sorgum katk\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7ecekler \u00f6zellikle be\u011fenilip i\u00e7iliyor.<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA N\u0130JERYA L\u0130DER\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130nsano\u011flunun ilk defa tan\u0131y\u0131p beslenmesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgum her ne kadar Afrika\u2019da yayg\u0131nla\u015fsa da bug\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticiler Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan\u2026 G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Afrika\u2019daki 54 \u00fclkeden 43\u2019\u00fcnde az veya \u00e7ok yeti\u015ftiriliyor. Nijerya, 2000\u2019de 8 milyon tona yak\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn elde etti. Bu miktar 2020\u2019de 6.5 milyon tona gerilese de Nijerya k\u0131tada birinci \u00fcretici \u00fclke konumunda. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 5 milyon tonla Etiyopya ve 2.5 milyon tonla Sudan, en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Afrika \u00fclkelerinde sorgumun 1 metre 70 santimetreye, hatta hayvan yemi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacaklar\u0131n 2 metreye, biyoyak\u0131t i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacaklar\u0131n ise 3 metreye kadar boy att\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>

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EN \u00c7EK\u0130C\u0130 \u00d6ZELL\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum\u2019un bitki olarak en dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, kurakl\u0131k zamanlar\u0131nda dar\u0131 ile birlikte en az su ile verimlili\u011fini korumas\u0131. \u00c7ok suya ihtiya\u00e7 duyan m\u0131s\u0131r tah\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u00f6klerinin \u00e7ok daha derinlere inmesi sebebiyle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklardan fazla etkilenmiyor. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n 30 dereceyi ge\u00e7ti\u011fi iklimlerde bile b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kte erkek ve di\u015fi \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in bitki kendisini y\u00fczde 80 oran\u0131nda d\u00f6ll\u00fcyor ve zor iklimde dahi diren\u00e7 g\u00f6steriyor. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE \u00dcRET\u0130M 10 B\u0130N TON<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Asya\u2019da bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc y\u0131ll\u0131k 10 bin tonun alt\u0131nda \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye de yer al\u0131yor. T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde sorguma \u00e7ok yer vermiyor. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Rusya, Polonya, Ukrayna ve \u0130talya\u2019da da tar\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nemseniyor. Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler, sorgumu yak\u0131n zamana kadar tah\u0131l olarak veya yaprak ve k\u00f6klerinden silaj yaparak, hatta ekildi\u011fi arazilerde hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 otlatarak yem olarak kulland\u0131. Halbuki bu bitkiden g\u0131da sanayinde \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli olarak istifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Burkina Faso ve hassaten \u00c7in\u2019de alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ecekler yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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D\u0130YET\u0130SYENLER\u0130N TAVS\u0130YES\u0130NDE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u015eimdilerde sorgum, gl\u00fctensiz nadir tah\u0131llar aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle diyetisyenlerin s\u0131k\u00e7a tavsiye ettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler listesine girdi. Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra tokluk hissi vermesi, demir, \u00e7inko, kalsiyum ve B9 vitamini gibi farkl\u0131 mineraller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olmas\u0131, kolestrol\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi, kan \u015fekerini dengelemesi, kalp rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilmesi ve y\u00fcksek lif kayna\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131 da sorguma ilgiyi art\u0131r\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"iklim-degisikligine-care-gelecegin-tahili-sorgum","tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":2030,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":38657,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":38531,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine \u00e7are: Gelece\u011fin tah\u0131l\u0131 sorgum","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

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Gelece\u011fin tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131s\u0131r de\u011fil, sorgum olaca\u011f\u0131na \u015fimdiden kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7ok az suya ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131, sorgumu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde yeti\u015ftirilecek bitki haline getirdi. Sadece Fransa, anavatan\u0131 Afrika olan bu tah\u0131l\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in 2015-2019 aras\u0131nda 4 y\u0131lda ekilecek arazi miktar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 50 art\u0131rd\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Bitki olarak en dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, kurakl\u0131k zamanlar\u0131nda dar\u0131 ile birlikte en az su ile verimlili\u011fini korumas\u0131. \u00c7ok suya ihtiya\u00e7 duyan m\u0131s\u0131r tah\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u00f6klerinin \u00e7ok daha derinlere inmesi sebebiyle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklardan fazla etkilenmiyor. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n 30 dereceyi ge\u00e7ti\u011fi iklimlerde bile b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Anavatan\u0131 Afrika\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karak t\u00fcm k\u0131talara yay\u0131lan sorgum tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131n gelecekte \u00e7ok duyaca\u011f\u0131z. \u0130lk defa Etiyopya\u2019da insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hayat\u0131na girdi\u011fi, zamanla \u00e7evresindeki \u00fclkelere ve t\u00fcm k\u0131taya yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 biliniyor. Bunun insano\u011flu taraf\u0131ndan yiyecek olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 uzun vakit alm\u0131\u015f ve tahminen 10 bin y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f. Milattan \u00f6nceki as\u0131rlarda Anadolu\u2019da, G\u00fcney Avrupa\u2019da bu bitkinin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fine dair bilgiler yan\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da arkeologlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla i\u00e7ki \u00fcretiminin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair baz\u0131 izlere rastlanm\u0131\u015f ve ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 kay\u0131tlarda bilgiler bulunuyor. Haliyle o devirlerde yemekten ziyade i\u00e7ilecek bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Ancak bunun bitkiler aleminde \u015fimdiki bilinen ismiyle kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irilmesi, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 buldu. \u00d6zellikle Moench isimli bir botanik\u00e7i, 1794 y\u0131l\u0131nda bitki \u00e7e\u015fitleri ile ilgili kitab\u0131nda bunu \u2018sorghum bicolor\u2019 olarak kaydetti. Frans\u0131zlar bu bitkiyi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Afrika\u2019dan getirdikleri tah\u0131llar aras\u0131nda tan\u0131d\u0131larsa da ilgi \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, 1960\u2019lar\u0131n sonunu buldu.<\/span><\/p>

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KOLAY YET\u0130\u015e\u0130YOR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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As\u0131rlar boyunca hem Afrika\u2019da hem de yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 di\u011fer co\u011frafyalarda bu bitkinin hayati bir de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131ndan ziyade kuvvetle muhtemel kolay yeti\u015ftirilmesi sebebiyle istifadesi s\u00f6z konusu idi. \u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 ba\u015fta kurakl\u0131k dahil pek \u00e7ok endi\u015fe verici durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tar\u0131m\u0131n hi\u00e7 de umut vermeyen gelece\u011fi i\u00e7in yeni \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler aran\u0131rken, sorgum binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015finde g\u00f6rmedi\u011fi ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 haline geldi. D\u00fcnyadaki tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok \u00fcretilenler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda m\u0131s\u0131r bitkisi ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor. Onu s\u0131ras\u0131yla bu\u011fday, pirin\u00e7 ve arpa takip ediyor. Bunlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan ise sorgum be\u015finci s\u0131rada geliyor. Ancak \u015fimdiden gelece\u011fin tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131s\u0131r de\u011fil, sorgum olaca\u011f\u0131na kesin g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131l\u0131yor. Dahas\u0131 g\u0131da kalorisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da pirin\u00e7, bu\u011fday, \u015feker, m\u0131s\u0131r ve patatesten sonra sorgum alt\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0131rada yer al\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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Y\u00dcZDE 40\u2019I AFR\u0130KA\u2019DAN\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Halen t\u00fcm k\u0131talardaki \u00fcretici \u00fclkelerde toplam 70 milyon ton civar\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ediliyor. 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda sorgum \u00fcretimi 40 milyon ton civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bunun y\u00fczde 35-40 kadar\u0131 kendi ana yurdu olan Afrika\u2019da \u00fcretiliyor. Bu bitkinin adeta ayr\u0131lmaz par\u00e7as\u0131 kabul edilen ve Bat\u0131 dillerinde \u2018mil\u2019 ya da \u2018millet\u2019 denen \u2018dar\u0131\u2019 ise y\u0131ll\u0131k hasat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bu k\u0131tada, d\u00fcnya \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde50\u2019si gibi \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orana sahip.<\/span><\/p>

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\u0130KL\u0130M D\u0130RENC\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum bitkisini g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bu kadar \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan temel husus, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkenin geleneksel tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 verimlilik oranlar\u0131n\u0131n giderek d\u00fc\u015fmesi. Yoksa 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar bu \u00fcr\u00fcn, Bat\u0131\u2019da sadece hayvan yemi olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekmiyordu. Fransa\u2019da mevcut ekilebilen arazilerin yar\u0131dan fazlas\u0131 farkl\u0131 tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de olsa genelde hayvan yemi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Haliyle sorgum da y\u00fczde 90 gibi y\u00fcksek oranda hayvan yemine y\u00f6nelik ekilip bi\u00e7iliyor. Ama \u00f6zellikle Sahraalt\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lar i\u00e7in bu bitkinin neredeyse y\u00fczde 60\u2019tan fazlas\u0131, bizzat insanlar\u0131n en temel beslenme kayna\u011f\u0131 idi. Uluslararas\u0131 g\u0131da ticareti, bu al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in her yolu deniyor. K\u0131ta insanlar\u0131 bunlar\u0131n yerine hi\u00e7 al\u0131\u015f\u0131k olmad\u0131klar\u0131 m\u0131s\u0131r, pirin\u00e7 ve bu\u011fday gibi g\u0131da maddelerini t\u00fcketecek \u015fekilde \u00f6nlerine koydu.<\/span><\/p>

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SUYA \u0130HT\u0130YACI AZ<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u00c7ok az suya ihtiya\u00e7 duymas\u0131, sorgumu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde yeti\u015ftirilecek bitki haline getirdi. B\u00f6cek ila\u00e7lar\u0131na fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmamas\u0131 sebebiyle \u00e7evre hassasiyeti konusunda da bu bitkinin ekimini cazip hale getiriyor. Dahas\u0131 besicilikte Brezilya\u2019n\u0131n soyas\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k azal\u0131rken, bu \u00fcr\u00fcne talep var diye Amazon ormanlar\u0131nda kesilen a\u011fa\u00e7lara da daha az dokunulmu\u015f olacak. Tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in yat\u0131r\u0131m bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fazla masraf\u0131 gerektirmemesi de bu bitkiye ilgiyi art\u0131r\u0131yor. Makinala\u015fman\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkelerde, zorunlu kullan\u0131lan ara\u00e7lar sebebiyle bu bitkinin, yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi \u00fclkelerin \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0131slah edilip 1 metre 20 santimetreyi ge\u00e7memesine \u00f6zen g\u00f6steriliyor.<\/span><\/p>

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MISIRA ALTERNAT\u0130F<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Neredeyse k\u00f6k\u00fcnden yaprak ucuna, tohumlar\u0131ndan saplar\u0131na kadar her par\u00e7as\u0131 kullan\u0131lan ve en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck israf\u0131 dahi yap\u0131lmayan sorgum bitkisinin, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda d\u00fcnya tah\u0131l s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n yerini kesin bir \u015fekilde alaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u00dcretiminin kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yan\u0131nda g\u00fcbrelemeye fazla ihtiya\u00e7 duymamas\u0131, tah\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle Sahraalt\u0131 Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n en temel g\u0131da maddesi olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde de\u011ferini art\u0131r\u0131yor. \u0130nsanlar kadar hayvanlar\u0131n da art\u0131k beslenmesinde vazge\u00e7ilmez hale geldi. Yapraklar\u0131n\u0131n boyac\u0131l\u0131kta kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, biyoyak\u0131t i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan m\u00fcspet sonu\u00e7lar al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi say\u0131lamayacak faydalar\u0131 bulunuyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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FRANSA\u2019NIN \u0130LG\u0130S\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum aynen pirin\u00e7 gibi tah\u0131l olarak veya una d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclerek t\u00fcketilebilir. Tar\u0131m arazilerinde yabani otlarla m\u00fccadelede sorgum adeta imdada yeti\u015fen bir bitki. Bir\u00e7ok sebebe dayal\u0131 olarak Avrupa\u2019da sadece 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda sorgum i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan arazilerin miktar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 20 art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bu k\u0131tan\u0131n da bu bitkiye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem verdi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Sadece Fransa, bu tah\u0131l\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in 2015-2019 aras\u0131nda ekilecek arazi miktar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fczde 50 art\u0131rd\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 2050\u2019ye uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7te ya\u015fanacak iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi kaynakl\u0131 kurakl\u0131\u011fa pirin\u00e7 ve bu\u011fdaydan ziyade sorgum ve dar\u0131 diren\u00e7 g\u00f6sterecek. Bu\u011fdayda y\u00fczde 21, pirin\u00e7te y\u00fczde 12 oran\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn azalmas\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131, buna mukabil ise sorgumda y\u00fczde 8 ve dar\u0131da sadece y\u00fczde 5 azalma beklentisi var.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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K\u0130NOA MUAD\u0130L\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum, art\u0131k farkl\u0131 \u00e7evrelerde kinoa tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n muadili olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. \u015eekerli ve \u015fekersiz t\u00fcrleri de bulunuyor. Bir\u00e7ok yeme\u011fe sorgum ilave edilebiliyor. Saplar\u0131 da \u015fekerkam\u0131\u015f\u0131 saplar\u0131 gibi \u00e7i\u011fnenerek, \u015feker ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131layabiliyor. Pastac\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda ve bisk\u00fcvi \u00fcretiminde de \u00e7e\u015fitli katk\u0131 maddeleri aras\u0131nda da kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Tunus\u2019ta \u2018droo\u2019 denilen sorgum tatl\u0131lar\u0131, Ramazan\u2019da sorgum katk\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7ecekler \u00f6zellikle be\u011fenilip i\u00e7iliyor.<\/span><\/p>

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AFR\u0130KA\u2019DA N\u0130JERYA L\u0130DER\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130nsano\u011flunun ilk defa tan\u0131y\u0131p beslenmesi i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorgum her ne kadar Afrika\u2019da yayg\u0131nla\u015fsa da bug\u00fcn en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcreticiler Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan\u2026 G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Afrika\u2019daki 54 \u00fclkeden 43\u2019\u00fcnde az veya \u00e7ok yeti\u015ftiriliyor. Nijerya, 2000\u2019de 8 milyon tona yak\u0131n \u00fcr\u00fcn elde etti. Bu miktar 2020\u2019de 6.5 milyon tona gerilese de Nijerya k\u0131tada birinci \u00fcretici \u00fclke konumunda. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 5 milyon tonla Etiyopya ve 2.5 milyon tonla Sudan, en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Afrika \u00fclkelerinde sorgumun 1 metre 70 santimetreye, hatta hayvan yemi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacaklar\u0131n 2 metreye, biyoyak\u0131t i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacaklar\u0131n ise 3 metreye kadar boy att\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>

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EN \u00c7EK\u0130C\u0130 \u00d6ZELL\u0130\u011e\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Sorgum\u2019un bitki olarak en dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, kurakl\u0131k zamanlar\u0131nda dar\u0131 ile birlikte en az su ile verimlili\u011fini korumas\u0131. \u00c7ok suya ihtiya\u00e7 duyan m\u0131s\u0131r tah\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re k\u00f6klerinin \u00e7ok daha derinlere inmesi sebebiyle a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131caklardan fazla etkilenmiyor. S\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n 30 dereceyi ge\u00e7ti\u011fi iklimlerde bile b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kte erkek ve di\u015fi \u00e7i\u00e7ekleri bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in bitki kendisini y\u00fczde 80 oran\u0131nda d\u00f6ll\u00fcyor ve zor iklimde dahi diren\u00e7 g\u00f6steriyor. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE \u00dcRET\u0130M 10 B\u0130N TON<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Asya\u2019da bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc y\u0131ll\u0131k 10 bin tonun alt\u0131nda \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye de yer al\u0131yor. T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde sorguma \u00e7ok yer vermiyor. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Rusya, Polonya, Ukrayna ve \u0130talya\u2019da da tar\u0131m\u0131 \u00f6nemseniyor. Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler, sorgumu yak\u0131n zamana kadar tah\u0131l olarak veya yaprak ve k\u00f6klerinden silaj yaparak, hatta ekildi\u011fi arazilerde hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 otlatarak yem olarak kulland\u0131. Halbuki bu bitkiden g\u0131da sanayinde \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli olarak istifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Burkina Faso ve hassaten \u00c7in\u2019de alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7ecekler yap\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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D\u0130YET\u0130SYENLER\u0130N TAVS\u0130YES\u0130NDE<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u015eimdilerde sorgum, gl\u00fctensiz nadir tah\u0131llar aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle diyetisyenlerin s\u0131k\u00e7a tavsiye ettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler listesine girdi. Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra tokluk hissi vermesi, demir, \u00e7inko, kalsiyum ve B9 vitamini gibi farkl\u0131 mineraller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zengin olmas\u0131, kolestrol\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi, kan \u015fekerini dengelemesi, kalp rahats\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nerilmesi ve y\u00fcksek lif kayna\u011f\u0131 olmas\u0131 da sorguma ilgiyi art\u0131r\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"iklim-degisikligine-care-gelecegin-tahili-sorgum","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"view_count":2030,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}