{"status":true,"post":{"id":18718,"user_id":11,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 13:16:24","created_at":"2018-07-23T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T10:16:24.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":18718,"is_featured":0,"title":"G20\u2019de \u2018s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k\u2019 ve \u2018gergin\u2019 g\u00fcndem","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":"  \t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"large\">Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen liderlerini Antalya\u2019da a\u011f\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 G20 Zirvesi\u2019ne T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu 2015\u2019de, uluslararas\u0131 medyada G20 Zirvesi g\u00fcndemi ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin diplomasi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla bir hayli yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye, i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkileri, KOB\u0130\u2019ler ve kad\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekonomisindeki konumu ve etkisine y\u00f6nelik kritik \u00f6nemdeki konular\u0131 hem G20\u2019nin g\u00fcndemine almay\u0131 hem de bu konularda \u00f6nemli toplant\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin hemen ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u0131smen uluslararas\u0131 medya G20 g\u00fcndemine yer verse de bilhassa 2017\u2019de, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u0131l, s\u00f6n\u00fck ve uluslararas\u0131 medyada \u00e7ok zay\u0131f g\u00fcndeme gelerek ge\u00e7ti. 2018\u2019in d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkan\u0131 Arjantin de k\u0131smen benzer bir s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yor. Arjantin, k\u00fcresel ekonomik sistemde artan dijitalle\u015fme ve teknolojik ilerlemelerin mesleklere, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na ve istihdama etkisini, \u00fclkelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda ve altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn daha fazla sorumluluk \u00fcstlenmesi ve g\u0131da i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir gelecek olu\u015fturmay\u0131 kendi \u00f6zel g\u00fcndemi olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00d6te yandan ABD Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merakla takip edilen \u2018Bej Raporu\u2019nun yay\u0131nlanan son say\u0131s\u0131nda, ABD\u2019li \u00fcreticilerin Trump\u2019\u0131n ek ithalat vergilerinden duyduklar\u0131 endi\u015fe vurgulanm\u0131\u015f. IMF ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar ticaret sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekonomisine 0.3 ile 0.8 puan negatif b\u00fcy\u00fcme etkisi olabilece\u011finden endi\u015fe ediyorlar.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">K\u00fcresel ekonomide y\u00fckselen risklere kar\u015f\u0131, G20 \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerin uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik kararl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tazelemeleri, daha y\u00fcksek ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131 benimsemeleri kritik \u00f6nemde. Bu nedenle uluslararas\u0131 platformlarda ba\u015fta Fed, \u00f6nde gelen merkez bankalar\u0131n\u0131n para politikas\u0131 tercihlerinin de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir d\u00fcnya ekonomisi ad\u0131na ne kadar kritik \u00f6nemde oldu\u011fu da hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmal\u0131.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\"><strong>REFORM-MAKRO \u0130HT\u0130YAT\u0130 TEDB\u0130R D\u0130LEMMASI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Son 2 y\u0131ld\u0131r, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin yerel ve k\u00fcresel alg\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir \u2018kutupla\u015fma\u2019 ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Belirli bir ekonomist ve piyasa profesyoneli, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisine y\u00f6nelik makroekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, giderek daha tehlikeli bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru ilerlemekte, hatta kendi ifadeleriyle \u2018savrulmakta\u2019 olan bir alan olarak tan\u0131mlarken, benim de i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m di\u011fer ekonomist ve piyasa profesyoneli grubu s\u00f6z konusu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00f6netilebilir oldu\u011funu ifade ediyorlar. Birinci grubun \u2018T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin bir yerlere savruldu\u011fu\u2019 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na, alg\u0131s\u0131na, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, kat\u0131lan uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi akt\u00f6rleri de s\u00f6z konusu. Yurti\u00e7i ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 men\u015feli bu \u2018k\u00f6t\u00fcmser\u2019 grubun alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek \u00fczere de son 1.5 y\u0131lda, \u00f6nceki ekonomi y\u00f6netimi \u2018reformlar\u2019a kararl\u0131l\u0131kla devam edilece\u011fini vurguluyordu. Endi\u015fem odur ki, s\u00f6z konusu \u2018reform\u2019 ifadesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin son 16 y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli reformu g\u00f6rmezlikten gelen, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen reformlar\u0131n pozitif etkilerini adeta g\u00f6lgeleyen bir s\u00f6yleme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Son 20 y\u0131lda, ekonomik reform kavram\u0131ndan, bilhassa geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomiler boyutunda anla\u015f\u0131lan, \u2018kamu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131\u2019 bir ekonomik yap\u0131dan, \u2018piyasa ekonomisi\u2019 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015fe imkan sa\u011flayan \u00f6nemli d\u00fczenlemeler olarak \u00f6zetlenebilir. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve finans sisteminde etkin reg\u00fclasyonlar\u0131, denetimi, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 piyasa ekonomisi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri, kamunun 3 y\u0131ll\u0131k stratejik plan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 anlam\u0131nda, orta vadeli program modeline ge\u00e7i\u015fini, merkezi y\u00f6netim b\u00fct\u00e7esi ve mali disiplin kural\u0131n\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131m ortam\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftiren yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri, merkez bankas\u0131 ara\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reformlara \u00f6rnek sayabiliriz. Ancak, bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn reel sekt\u00f6re a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kredilerin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, cari a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltacak \u015fekilde ithalat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenleme, kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n daralt\u0131lmas\u0131, vergilerin y\u00fckseltilmesi, reel \u00fccretlerin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, para politikas\u0131 faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesi \u2018reform\u2019 de\u011fildir; \u2018makro ihtiyati tedbir\u2019dir.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Makro ihtiyati tedbirlerin \u2018ortodoks\u2019 olanlar\u0131n\u0131n reel sekt\u00f6re, istihdama, b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye etkisi a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r; bedelini \u00f6demi\u015f \u00fclkeler \u2018heterodoks\u2019 tedbirlere ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye, daha etkin bir giri\u015fimcilik ekosistemi, bilim-teknoloji-inovasyon ekosistemine y\u00f6nelik, k\u00fcresel rakiplerimize g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131mlarda daha da cazip k\u0131lacak, \u0130stanbul\u2019u b\u00f6lgesel finans merkezi yapacak reformlar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecektir. Bu reformlarla, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin makroekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak \u2018ihtiyati tedbirler\u2019i kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamakta, \u2018T\u00fcrkiye reform yapmal\u0131\u2019 laf\u0131n\u0131n kimi ekonomistlerce aya\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemesinde yarar g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum.<\/span><\/p>  \t\t\t\t","slug":"g20de-sikisik-ve-gergin-gundem","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"G20\u2019de \u2018s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k\u2019 ve \u2018gergin\u2019 g\u00fcndem","meta_description":"Prof. Dr. Kerem Alkin","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":108,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":11,"name":"KEREM","surname":"ALK\u0130N","email":"irem05@daglaroglu.com","slug":"prof-dr-kerem-alkin","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916000GNrERW0ucj2Ja7.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-09-15T09:39:41.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:50:43.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":18817,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":18718,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"G20\u2019de \u2018s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k\u2019 ve \u2018gergin\u2019 g\u00fcndem","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":"  \t\t\t\t\t  \t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"large\">Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen liderlerini Antalya\u2019da a\u011f\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 G20 Zirvesi\u2019ne T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu 2015\u2019de, uluslararas\u0131 medyada G20 Zirvesi g\u00fcndemi ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan konular, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin diplomasi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131yla bir hayli yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye, i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkileri, KOB\u0130\u2019ler ve kad\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekonomisindeki konumu ve etkisine y\u00f6nelik kritik \u00f6nemdeki konular\u0131 hem G20\u2019nin g\u00fcndemine almay\u0131 hem de bu konularda \u00f6nemli toplant\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin hemen ard\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00c7in\u2019in d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, k\u0131smen uluslararas\u0131 medya G20 g\u00fcndemine yer verse de bilhassa 2017\u2019de, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu y\u0131l, s\u00f6n\u00fck ve uluslararas\u0131 medyada \u00e7ok zay\u0131f g\u00fcndeme gelerek ge\u00e7ti. 2018\u2019in d\u00f6nem ba\u015fkan\u0131 Arjantin de k\u0131smen benzer bir s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yor. Arjantin, k\u00fcresel ekonomik sistemde artan dijitalle\u015fme ve teknolojik ilerlemelerin mesleklere, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na ve istihdama etkisini, \u00fclkelerin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131nda ve altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn daha fazla sorumluluk \u00fcstlenmesi ve g\u0131da i\u00e7in s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir gelecek olu\u015fturmay\u0131 kendi \u00f6zel g\u00fcndemi olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">\u00d6te yandan ABD Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merakla takip edilen \u2018Bej Raporu\u2019nun yay\u0131nlanan son say\u0131s\u0131nda, ABD\u2019li \u00fcreticilerin Trump\u2019\u0131n ek ithalat vergilerinden duyduklar\u0131 endi\u015fe vurgulanm\u0131\u015f. IMF ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, uluslararas\u0131 kurumlar ticaret sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekonomisine 0.3 ile 0.8 puan negatif b\u00fcy\u00fcme etkisi olabilece\u011finden endi\u015fe ediyorlar.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">K\u00fcresel ekonomide y\u00fckselen risklere kar\u015f\u0131, G20 \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerin uluslararas\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fine y\u00f6nelik kararl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tazelemeleri, daha y\u00fcksek ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131 benimsemeleri kritik \u00f6nemde. Bu nedenle uluslararas\u0131 platformlarda ba\u015fta Fed, \u00f6nde gelen merkez bankalar\u0131n\u0131n para politikas\u0131 tercihlerinin de s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir bir d\u00fcnya ekonomisi ad\u0131na ne kadar kritik \u00f6nemde oldu\u011fu da hat\u0131rlat\u0131lmal\u0131.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\"><strong>REFORM-MAKRO \u0130HT\u0130YAT\u0130 TEDB\u0130R D\u0130LEMMASI<\/strong><\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Son 2 y\u0131ld\u0131r, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin yerel ve k\u00fcresel alg\u0131s\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir \u2018kutupla\u015fma\u2019 ya\u015f\u0131yoruz. Belirli bir ekonomist ve piyasa profesyoneli, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisine y\u00f6nelik makroekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, giderek daha tehlikeli bir y\u00f6ne do\u011fru ilerlemekte, hatta kendi ifadeleriyle \u2018savrulmakta\u2019 olan bir alan olarak tan\u0131mlarken, benim de i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m di\u011fer ekonomist ve piyasa profesyoneli grubu s\u00f6z konusu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00f6netilebilir oldu\u011funu ifade ediyorlar. Birinci grubun \u2018T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin bir yerlere savruldu\u011fu\u2019 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131na, alg\u0131s\u0131na, hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, kat\u0131lan uluslararas\u0131 ekonomi akt\u00f6rleri de s\u00f6z konusu. Yurti\u00e7i ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131 men\u015feli bu \u2018k\u00f6t\u00fcmser\u2019 grubun alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek \u00fczere de son 1.5 y\u0131lda, \u00f6nceki ekonomi y\u00f6netimi \u2018reformlar\u2019a kararl\u0131l\u0131kla devam edilece\u011fini vurguluyordu. Endi\u015fem odur ki, s\u00f6z konusu \u2018reform\u2019 ifadesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin son 16 y\u0131lda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi pek \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli reformu g\u00f6rmezlikten gelen, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen reformlar\u0131n pozitif etkilerini adeta g\u00f6lgeleyen bir s\u00f6yleme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Son 20 y\u0131lda, ekonomik reform kavram\u0131ndan, bilhassa geli\u015fmekte olan ekonomiler boyutunda anla\u015f\u0131lan, \u2018kamu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131\u2019 bir ekonomik yap\u0131dan, \u2018piyasa ekonomisi\u2019 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya ge\u00e7i\u015fe imkan sa\u011flayan \u00f6nemli d\u00fczenlemeler olarak \u00f6zetlenebilir. Bankac\u0131l\u0131k ve finans sisteminde etkin reg\u00fclasyonlar\u0131, denetimi, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 piyasa ekonomisi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri, kamunun 3 y\u0131ll\u0131k stratejik plan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 anlam\u0131nda, orta vadeli program modeline ge\u00e7i\u015fini, merkezi y\u00f6netim b\u00fct\u00e7esi ve mali disiplin kural\u0131n\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131m ortam\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftiren yasal d\u00fczenlemeleri, merkez bankas\u0131 ara\u00e7 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 reformlara \u00f6rnek sayabiliriz. Ancak, bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn reel sekt\u00f6re a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 kredilerin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, cari a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltacak \u015fekilde ithalat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenleme, kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n daralt\u0131lmas\u0131, vergilerin y\u00fckseltilmesi, reel \u00fccretlerin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, para politikas\u0131 faiz oranlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesi \u2018reform\u2019 de\u011fildir; \u2018makro ihtiyati tedbir\u2019dir.<\/span><\/p>  <p><span class=\"large\">Makro ihtiyati tedbirlerin \u2018ortodoks\u2019 olanlar\u0131n\u0131n reel sekt\u00f6re, istihdama, b\u00fcy\u00fcmeye etkisi a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r; bedelini \u00f6demi\u015f \u00fclkeler \u2018heterodoks\u2019 tedbirlere ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkiye, daha etkin bir giri\u015fimcilik ekosistemi, bilim-teknoloji-inovasyon ekosistemine y\u00f6nelik, k\u00fcresel rakiplerimize g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi do\u011frudan yat\u0131r\u0131mlarda daha da cazip k\u0131lacak, \u0130stanbul\u2019u b\u00f6lgesel finans merkezi yapacak reformlar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecektir. Bu reformlarla, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin makroekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak \u2018ihtiyati tedbirler\u2019i kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamakta, \u2018T\u00fcrkiye reform yapmal\u0131\u2019 laf\u0131n\u0131n kimi ekonomistlerce aya\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemesinde yarar g\u00f6r\u00fcyorum.<\/span><\/p>  \t\t\t\t","slug":"g20de-sikisik-ve-gergin-gundem","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"G20\u2019de \u2018s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131k\u2019 ve \u2018gergin\u2019 g\u00fcndem","meta_description":"Prof. Dr. Kerem Alkin","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":108,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}