{"status":true,"post":{"id":36987,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2023-02-07 14:28:00","created_at":"2023-02-07T11:28:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-02-07T11:28:00.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":36987,"is_featured":0,"title":"Efsanele\u015fen tarihiyle Afrika alt\u0131nlar\u0131","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

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Mali \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131yla bilinen devasa bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 y\u00f6neten Sultan Kankan Musa, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en zengin ki\u015fisi olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Mansa Musa\u2019n\u0131n Hac yolculu\u011fu boyunca da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nlar efsanele\u015ferek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015ft\u0131. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelenleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de \u00f6nemli bir alt\u0131n \u00fcretim merkezi olmas\u0131ndan soyutlayarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil maalesef\u2026<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki madenlerin en de\u011ferlisi t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca alt\u0131n olunca bunun Afrika ile de an\u0131lmas\u0131 sebepsiz de\u011fil.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mali Cumhuriyeti ve kom\u015fusu Senegal, Burkina Faso, Moritanya, Gine, Fildi\u015fi Sahili ve Nijer gibi \u00fclkeler de tamamen ve veya k\u0131smen onun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. Mali \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131yla bilinen devasa bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 y\u00f6neten Sultan Kankan Musa\u2019n\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en zengin ki\u015fisi oldu\u011fu bilgisine her yerde rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

O sadece varl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildi, bu konumu kitaplarda methediliyor ve herkes onu merak ediyordu.<\/span><\/p>

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ALTIN DA\u011eITAN AFR\u0130KALI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1324 y\u0131l\u0131nda hacca gitmek \u00fczere \u00fclkesinin bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda yer alan merkezi \u015fehrinden yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir ay sonra ancak do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fabilmi\u015fti. Beraberinde 60 bin ki\u015fi bulundu\u011funa dair rivayetler var. Ancak bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Cezayir devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ciddi bir hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalan\u0131nca geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131. Yine de en az 10 bin hac\u0131 aday\u0131 ile yoluna devam etti. Her birine ta\u015f\u0131yabildi\u011fi kadar alt\u0131n verilmi\u015fti. Bunlar ilk konaklama yerleri Kahire\u2019de, daha \u00e7ok da Hicaz\u2019da sadaka olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacakt\u0131. \u00d6nce d\u00f6nemin Meml\u00fck Sultan\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Beraberindeki bu k\u0131ymetli madenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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Hicaz\u2019da beraberinde getirdi\u011fi alt\u0131nlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131 ve hac ibadetini tamamlad\u0131. Buradan ilmiyle amil alimler ve g\u00f6r\u00fcp ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerdeki mimari eserlerin benzerlerini \u00fclkesinde in\u015fa edecek mimarlar ile anla\u015f\u0131p beraberinde g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek \u00fczere yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a geldi\u011finde Meml\u00fckler\u2019den de T\u00fcrk askerleri al\u0131p onlarla ordular\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitmek istedi. Ne var ki, neredeyse yan\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm alt\u0131nlar\u0131 tasadduk etmi\u015fti. Geri \u00f6deme kayd\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131ndan bor\u00e7 ald\u0131 ve \u00fclkesine d\u00f6ner d\u00f6nmez bunu geri yollad\u0131. Kankan Musa, \u00fclkesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Cuma g\u00fcnleri ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yerle\u015fim yerine bir cami in\u015fa ettirdi. Yan\u0131ndaki mimar End\u00fcl\u00fcs as\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika Camii mimarisinin \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131tan t\u00fcm yap\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 o d\u00f6neme dayan\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda Palma \u015fehrinden Abraham Cresques isimli bir Yahudi haritac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen ve \u2018Katalan Haritas\u0131\u2019 olarak da bilinen me\u015fhur haritada, elinde alt\u0131n tutan sultan resmindeki ki\u015finin Kankan Musa oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. 1538\u2019de vefat eden ve Mali Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerine kurulan Songay Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dirayetli hakiminin de kendisinden iki as\u0131r \u00f6nce hacca giden Malili\u2019nin en az 5 kat\u0131 kadar Hicaz\u2019da sadaka da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. Bunun idare etti\u011fi devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n devasa co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>

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MEML\u00dcK HAZ\u0130NELER\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Osmanl\u0131 Devleti; d\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131 gere\u011fi Asya, Avrupa ve \u00f6zellikle Ortado\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde kurdu\u011fu n\u00fcfuzunu 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kuzey ve do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerine de yaymak zorunda kald\u0131. Zira End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn son kalesi G\u0131rnata da 1492\u2019de \u0130spanyollar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ince t\u00fcm Afrika sahilleri Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n te\u015fvikiyle birer birer i\u015fgal ediliyordu. \u00d6nce Fas, ard\u0131ndan Cezayir ve Tunus ile Trablusgarp, 1510 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n eline d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Meml\u00fckler ne Akdeniz\u2019de \u0130spanyollara, ne de Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131p K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019de dola\u015fan Portekiz donanmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilecek durumda de\u011fildi. Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ve Libya\u2019da ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadele, Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman zaman\u0131nda Cezayir ve Tunus\u2019ta devam etti. \u00d6zellikle \u0130kinci Selim\u2019in 1574 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tunus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131yla t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019dan tarafa ge\u00e7ti. Burada \u00f6nemli konu, \u00f6zellikle Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Meml\u00fck hazinesinde bulunan alt\u0131nlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131yd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 hazinesinin t\u00fcm as\u0131rlar\u0131 boyunca bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir serveti olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden de hazineye en \u00e7ok kaynak koyan sultan\u0131n ad\u0131 kap\u0131s\u0131na yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 ve Sultan Selim\u2019in ismi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lana kadar orada sabitlenmi\u015fti. \u00dcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i merhum Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k ile 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen Kanuni Konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda \u2018Ke\u015fke Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Afrika\u2019dan temin ettikleri alt\u0131nlar konusunda bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapabilsen\u2019 tavsiyesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>

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AVRUPALILARIN \u0130HT\u0130RASI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika; 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ve geli\u015fmelerle girdi. Ancak \u00fczerinde durulan \u00e7ok say\u0131da konu yan\u0131nda asl\u0131nda en az yaz\u0131l\u0131p-\u00e7izileni, k\u0131tan\u0131n alt\u0131n madenleri ve bunlar\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015flenip uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda m\u00fc\u015fterilerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik \u00f6ncesinde k\u0131ta hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerin \u00e7o\u011fu anlat\u0131ma dayan\u0131yordu. \u00d6yle ki, Frans\u0131z askerleri 1890\u2019larda Senegal\u2019i a\u015f\u0131p Mali topraklar\u0131na girdiklerinde yerel sultanlar\u0131n saraylar\u0131nda onlarca ton alt\u0131n bulmak i\u00e7in ilerlediler. Nas\u0131l ki, Kristof Kolomb 1490\u2019larda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi 5 Amerika seferinde elde etmeyi umdu\u011fu alt\u0131nlarla Kudus\u2019\u00fc T\u00fcrklerden almay\u0131 kafas\u0131na koymu\u015ftu. Tarih yine tekrar etti ve t\u00fcm Afrika yerel y\u00f6netimlerinin hazineleri birer birer ele ge\u00e7irilip Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ihtiras, Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flara neden oldu. Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015ftahla par\u00e7alad\u0131klar\u0131 Afrika gibi kendileri de onlarca \u00fclkeye par\u00e7aland\u0131lar. Ya\u015fanan t\u00fcm felaketlerden ders \u00e7\u0131karmak yerine bu k\u0131taya daha fazla aband\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika tahminlerin de \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok zengindi ve bunu yerli insanlara terk etmek ak\u0131l k\u00e2r\u0131 de\u011fildi.<\/span><\/p>

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KAYNAKLARIN CAZ\u0130BES\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda hen\u00fcz Avrupa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin devam etti\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve hemen ard\u0131ndan \u00c7in de Afrika\u2019ya ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerde muhalif yap\u0131lar desteklendi ve bir anda k\u0131tada Marksist, Leninist, Maocu hareketler \u015fekillendirildi. 1950-1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar aras\u0131nda k\u0131tada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar elde edilse de ad\u0131na askeri darbe denen bir s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve ciddi i\u00e7 sava\u015flar ya\u015fand\u0131. Asl\u0131nda t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n tek amac\u0131 vard\u0131, yeni in\u015fa edilecek devletlerin hi\u00e7bir zaman kuvvetlenmemesi idi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Afrika \u00fclkesi, maddi ve manevi kendi de\u011ferlerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131 aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6kene kadar bunu bir \u015fekilde uygulad\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok Afrikal\u0131 devlet adam\u0131, hemen kalk\u0131nma ve \u00fclkesini geli\u015ftirmeye koyuldu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n aksine Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclenler yan\u0131nda hen\u00fcz el de\u011fmemi\u015f kaynaklar\u0131 tahminlerin \u00e7ok \u00fczerindeydi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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YATIRIMCILARI CAYDIRMA HAREKETLER\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sol ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ile me\u015fgul ettirenler, \u00a021. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise daha ba\u015fka bir yol denedi ve her tarafta M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kla ili\u015fkilendirilen ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri devreye sokuldu. Bunlarla da Afrika \u00fclkelerinin geli\u015fmeleri ve kalk\u0131nmalar\u0131 engelleniyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131tada ba\u015fta alt\u0131n madenleri olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok yeni maden ke\u015ffediliyor, petrol yataklar\u0131 ve do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131 birer birer devreye sokuluyordu. G\u00fcvenli\u011fin tehlikede oldu\u011fu yerde \u00f6zellikle yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ok \u00e7ekingen davran\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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\u00dcLKE HAZ\u0130NELER\u0130N\u0130N G\u00dcVEN YASTI\u011eI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Alt\u0131n konusunda Afrikal\u0131lar mutlaka bir g\u00fcn en do\u011fru tercihlerini uygulayacaklar. \u015eimdilik en fazla alt\u0131n \u00fcreten herhangi bir \u00fclke, bunun neredeyse tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 onu \u00e7\u0131karan \u015firketler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 pazarlara sat\u0131yor. Herhangi bir devletin hazinesinde tuttu\u011fu alt\u0131n miktar\u0131, bulundurabilece\u011finin \u00e7ok alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla Cezayir, 174 ton alt\u0131nla k\u0131tada hazinesinde en fazla miktara sahip. Bunu 124 tonla G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, 117 tonla Libya takip ediyor. Kendi hazinesinde bu kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tutan \u00fclkelerin adeta kaza an\u0131nda imdad\u0131na yeti\u015fen g\u00fcvenlik yast\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi krizleri daha rahat atlatabiliyorlar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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MERKEZ REZERVLER\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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2021 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerindeki Merkez Bankalar\u0131nda toplam 35 bin ton alt\u0131n rezervi oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor. 54 \u00fclkeli Afrika, alt\u0131n\u0131n en fazla \u00fcretildi\u011fi k\u0131ta olsa da tamam\u0131nda sadece 573 ton rezerv tutuluyor. Bunun da neredeyse 300 tonluk k\u0131sm\u0131 sadece 3 \u00fclkede\u2026 Di\u011ferleri ise M\u0131s\u0131r 81 ton, Fas 22 ton, Nijerya 21 ton, Moritanya 12 ton, en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici konumundaki Gana\u2019da sadece 9 ton, Tunus\u2019ta 7 ton ve Mozambik\u2019te 4 ton alt\u0131n rezerv olarak tutuluyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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\u00dcRET\u0130M DE VAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika \u00fclkelerinde alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi seneden seneye de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Fildi\u015fi Sahili 2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ciddi miktarlarda alt\u0131n \u00fcretimi yap\u0131yor. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla bir y\u0131lda 42 ton alt\u0131n \u00fcretildi. Bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce 39 tona yak\u0131nd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015flarda devletlerin maden kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 yenilemeleri ve y\u00f6neticilerin gerekli her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamalar\u0131 etkili oluyor. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"efsanelesen-tarihiyle-afrika-altinlari","tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1892,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":37113,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":36987,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Efsanele\u015fen tarihiyle Afrika alt\u0131nlar\u0131","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"

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Mali \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131yla bilinen devasa bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 y\u00f6neten Sultan Kankan Musa, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en zengin ki\u015fisi olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Di\u011fer ad\u0131yla Mansa Musa\u2019n\u0131n Hac yolculu\u011fu boyunca da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nlar efsanele\u015ferek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015ft\u0131. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gelenleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de \u00f6nemli bir alt\u0131n \u00fcretim merkezi olmas\u0131ndan soyutlayarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil maalesef\u2026<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki madenlerin en de\u011ferlisi t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca alt\u0131n olunca bunun Afrika ile de an\u0131lmas\u0131 sebepsiz de\u011fil.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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14. y\u00fczy\u0131lda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mali Cumhuriyeti ve kom\u015fusu Senegal, Burkina Faso, Moritanya, Gine, Fildi\u015fi Sahili ve Nijer gibi \u00fclkeler de tamamen ve veya k\u0131smen onun s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. Mali \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ad\u0131yla bilinen devasa bir co\u011frafyay\u0131 y\u00f6neten Sultan Kankan Musa\u2019n\u0131n, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en zengin ki\u015fisi oldu\u011fu bilgisine her yerde rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

O sadece varl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildi, bu konumu kitaplarda methediliyor ve herkes onu merak ediyordu.<\/span><\/p>

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ALTIN DA\u011eITAN AFR\u0130KALI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1324 y\u0131l\u0131nda hacca gitmek \u00fczere \u00fclkesinin bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda yer alan merkezi \u015fehrinden yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir ay sonra ancak do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fabilmi\u015fti. Beraberinde 60 bin ki\u015fi bulundu\u011funa dair rivayetler var. Ancak bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Cezayir devleti s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ciddi bir hastal\u0131\u011fa yakalan\u0131nca geri d\u00f6nmek zorunda kald\u0131. Yine de en az 10 bin hac\u0131 aday\u0131 ile yoluna devam etti. Her birine ta\u015f\u0131yabildi\u011fi kadar alt\u0131n verilmi\u015fti. Bunlar ilk konaklama yerleri Kahire\u2019de, daha \u00e7ok da Hicaz\u2019da sadaka olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lacakt\u0131. \u00d6nce d\u00f6nemin Meml\u00fck Sultan\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Beraberindeki bu k\u0131ymetli madenin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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Hicaz\u2019da beraberinde getirdi\u011fi alt\u0131nlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131 ve hac ibadetini tamamlad\u0131. Buradan ilmiyle amil alimler ve g\u00f6r\u00fcp ge\u00e7ti\u011fi yerlerdeki mimari eserlerin benzerlerini \u00fclkesinde in\u015fa edecek mimarlar ile anla\u015f\u0131p beraberinde g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek \u00fczere yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a geldi\u011finde Meml\u00fckler\u2019den de T\u00fcrk askerleri al\u0131p onlarla ordular\u0131n\u0131 e\u011fitmek istedi. Ne var ki, neredeyse yan\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm alt\u0131nlar\u0131 tasadduk etmi\u015fti. Geri \u00f6deme kayd\u0131yla M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131ndan bor\u00e7 ald\u0131 ve \u00fclkesine d\u00f6ner d\u00f6nmez bunu geri yollad\u0131. Kankan Musa, \u00fclkesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Cuma g\u00fcnleri ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 her yerle\u015fim yerine bir cami in\u015fa ettirdi. Yan\u0131ndaki mimar End\u00fcl\u00fcs as\u0131ll\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika Camii mimarisinin \u00f6zelliklerini yans\u0131tan t\u00fcm yap\u0131lar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 o d\u00f6neme dayan\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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1375 y\u0131l\u0131nda Palma \u015fehrinden Abraham Cresques isimli bir Yahudi haritac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen ve \u2018Katalan Haritas\u0131\u2019 olarak da bilinen me\u015fhur haritada, elinde alt\u0131n tutan sultan resmindeki ki\u015finin Kankan Musa oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. 1538\u2019de vefat eden ve Mali Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerine kurulan Songay Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dirayetli hakiminin de kendisinden iki as\u0131r \u00f6nce hacca giden Malili\u2019nin en az 5 kat\u0131 kadar Hicaz\u2019da sadaka da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet edilir. Bunun idare etti\u011fi devletin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n devasa co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>

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MEML\u00dcK HAZ\u0130NELER\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Osmanl\u0131 Devleti; d\u00f6nemin \u015fartlar\u0131 gere\u011fi Asya, Avrupa ve \u00f6zellikle Ortado\u011fu b\u00f6lgesinde kurdu\u011fu n\u00fcfuzunu 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kuzey ve do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerine de yaymak zorunda kald\u0131. Zira End\u00fcl\u00fcs\u2019\u00fcn son kalesi G\u0131rnata da 1492\u2019de \u0130spanyollar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ince t\u00fcm Afrika sahilleri Papal\u0131\u011f\u0131n te\u015fvikiyle birer birer i\u015fgal ediliyordu. \u00d6nce Fas, ard\u0131ndan Cezayir ve Tunus ile Trablusgarp, 1510 y\u0131l\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n eline d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Meml\u00fckler ne Akdeniz\u2019de \u0130spanyollara, ne de Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131p K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz\u2019de dola\u015fan Portekiz donanmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilecek durumda de\u011fildi. Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da ve Libya\u2019da ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadele, Kanuni Sultan S\u00fcleyman zaman\u0131nda Cezayir ve Tunus\u2019ta devam etti. \u00d6zellikle \u0130kinci Selim\u2019in 1574 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tunus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanmas\u0131yla t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019dan tarafa ge\u00e7ti. Burada \u00f6nemli konu, \u00f6zellikle Yavuz Sultan Selim\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da Meml\u00fck hazinesinde bulunan alt\u0131nlar\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019a ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131yd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 hazinesinin t\u00fcm as\u0131rlar\u0131 boyunca bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir serveti olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden de hazineye en \u00e7ok kaynak koyan sultan\u0131n ad\u0131 kap\u0131s\u0131na yaz\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131 ve Sultan Selim\u2019in ismi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lana kadar orada sabitlenmi\u015fti. \u00dcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i merhum Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k ile 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen Kanuni Konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131mda \u2018Ke\u015fke Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Afrika\u2019dan temin ettikleri alt\u0131nlar konusunda bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapabilsen\u2019 tavsiyesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m.<\/span><\/p>

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AVRUPALILARIN \u0130HT\u0130RASI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika; 21. y\u00fczy\u0131la b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler ve geli\u015fmelerle girdi. Ancak \u00fczerinde durulan \u00e7ok say\u0131da konu yan\u0131nda asl\u0131nda en az yaz\u0131l\u0131p-\u00e7izileni, k\u0131tan\u0131n alt\u0131n madenleri ve bunlar\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015flenip uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda m\u00fc\u015fterilerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik \u00f6ncesinde k\u0131ta hakk\u0131ndaki bilgilerin \u00e7o\u011fu anlat\u0131ma dayan\u0131yordu. \u00d6yle ki, Frans\u0131z askerleri 1890\u2019larda Senegal\u2019i a\u015f\u0131p Mali topraklar\u0131na girdiklerinde yerel sultanlar\u0131n saraylar\u0131nda onlarca ton alt\u0131n bulmak i\u00e7in ilerlediler. Nas\u0131l ki, Kristof Kolomb 1490\u2019larda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi 5 Amerika seferinde elde etmeyi umdu\u011fu alt\u0131nlarla Kudus\u2019\u00fc T\u00fcrklerden almay\u0131 kafas\u0131na koymu\u015ftu. Tarih yine tekrar etti ve t\u00fcm Afrika yerel y\u00f6netimlerinin hazineleri birer birer ele ge\u00e7irilip Avrupa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ihtiras, Avrupal\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flara neden oldu. Birinci ve \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir i\u015ftahla par\u00e7alad\u0131klar\u0131 Afrika gibi kendileri de onlarca \u00fclkeye par\u00e7aland\u0131lar. Ya\u015fanan t\u00fcm felaketlerden ders \u00e7\u0131karmak yerine bu k\u0131taya daha fazla aband\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika tahminlerin de \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok zengindi ve bunu yerli insanlara terk etmek ak\u0131l k\u00e2r\u0131 de\u011fildi.<\/span><\/p>

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KAYNAKLARIN CAZ\u0130BES\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda hen\u00fcz Avrupa s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin devam etti\u011fi g\u00fcnlerde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve hemen ard\u0131ndan \u00c7in de Afrika\u2019ya ilgi duymaya ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcm b\u00f6lgelerde muhalif yap\u0131lar desteklendi ve bir anda k\u0131tada Marksist, Leninist, Maocu hareketler \u015fekillendirildi. 1950-1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar aras\u0131nda k\u0131tada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar elde edilse de ad\u0131na askeri darbe denen bir s\u00fcr\u00fc s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve ciddi i\u00e7 sava\u015flar ya\u015fand\u0131. Asl\u0131nda t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n tek amac\u0131 vard\u0131, yeni in\u015fa edilecek devletlerin hi\u00e7bir zaman kuvvetlenmemesi idi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Afrika \u00fclkesi, maddi ve manevi kendi de\u011ferlerine sahip \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131 aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6kene kadar bunu bir \u015fekilde uygulad\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok Afrikal\u0131 devlet adam\u0131, hemen kalk\u0131nma ve \u00fclkesini geli\u015ftirmeye koyuldu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm yaz\u0131lanlar\u0131n aksine Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131ndan g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclenler yan\u0131nda hen\u00fcz el de\u011fmemi\u015f kaynaklar\u0131 tahminlerin \u00e7ok \u00fczerindeydi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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YATIRIMCILARI CAYDIRMA HAREKETLER\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sol ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ile me\u015fgul ettirenler, \u00a021. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise daha ba\u015fka bir yol denedi ve her tarafta M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kla ili\u015fkilendirilen ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri devreye sokuldu. Bunlarla da Afrika \u00fclkelerinin geli\u015fmeleri ve kalk\u0131nmalar\u0131 engelleniyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u0131tada ba\u015fta alt\u0131n madenleri olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok yeni maden ke\u015ffediliyor, petrol yataklar\u0131 ve do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131 birer birer devreye sokuluyordu. G\u00fcvenli\u011fin tehlikede oldu\u011fu yerde \u00f6zellikle yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar \u00e7ok \u00e7ekingen davran\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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\u00dcLKE HAZ\u0130NELER\u0130N\u0130N G\u00dcVEN YASTI\u011eI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Alt\u0131n konusunda Afrikal\u0131lar mutlaka bir g\u00fcn en do\u011fru tercihlerini uygulayacaklar. \u015eimdilik en fazla alt\u0131n \u00fcreten herhangi bir \u00fclke, bunun neredeyse tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 onu \u00e7\u0131karan \u015firketler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla uluslararas\u0131 pazarlara sat\u0131yor. Herhangi bir devletin hazinesinde tuttu\u011fu alt\u0131n miktar\u0131, bulundurabilece\u011finin \u00e7ok alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla Cezayir, 174 ton alt\u0131nla k\u0131tada hazinesinde en fazla miktara sahip. Bunu 124 tonla G\u00fcney Afrika Cumhuriyeti, 117 tonla Libya takip ediyor. Kendi hazinesinde bu kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tutan \u00fclkelerin adeta kaza an\u0131nda imdad\u0131na yeti\u015fen g\u00fcvenlik yast\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi krizleri daha rahat atlatabiliyorlar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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MERKEZ REZERVLER\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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2021 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerindeki Merkez Bankalar\u0131nda toplam 35 bin ton alt\u0131n rezervi oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor. 54 \u00fclkeli Afrika, alt\u0131n\u0131n en fazla \u00fcretildi\u011fi k\u0131ta olsa da tamam\u0131nda sadece 573 ton rezerv tutuluyor. Bunun da neredeyse 300 tonluk k\u0131sm\u0131 sadece 3 \u00fclkede\u2026 Di\u011ferleri ise M\u0131s\u0131r 81 ton, Fas 22 ton, Nijerya 21 ton, Moritanya 12 ton, en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici konumundaki Gana\u2019da sadece 9 ton, Tunus\u2019ta 7 ton ve Mozambik\u2019te 4 ton alt\u0131n rezerv olarak tutuluyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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\u00dcRET\u0130M DE VAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Afrika \u00fclkelerinde alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretimi seneden seneye de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Fildi\u015fi Sahili 2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ciddi miktarlarda alt\u0131n \u00fcretimi yap\u0131yor. 2021 y\u0131l\u0131 itibar\u0131yla bir y\u0131lda 42 ton alt\u0131n \u00fcretildi. Bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce 39 tona yak\u0131nd\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015flarda devletlerin maden kanunlar\u0131n\u0131 yenilemeleri ve y\u00f6neticilerin gerekli her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00fcvenli\u011fi sa\u011flamalar\u0131 etkili oluyor. \u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"efsanelesen-tarihiyle-afrika-altinlari","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"view_count":1892,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}