{"status":true,"post":{"id":23110,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2022-10-24 14:24:59","created_at":"2020-10-01T21:00:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2022-10-24T11:24:59.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":23110,"is_featured":0,"title":"Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kutsal a\u011fac\u0131: Kola","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span>
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Kola, bir Afrika bitkisi ve anavatan\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikle birlikte Fildi\u015fi Sahili ad\u0131 verilen \u00fclke. Kola a\u011fac\u0131, tekstilde boyama, eczac\u0131l\u0131kta t\u00fcm teskin edici ila\u00e7larda, kozmetikte makyaj malzemelerinde, zay\u0131flama re\u00e7etelerinde, k\u0131saca t\u00fcm kolal\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131. <\/strong><\/span>
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\u00dcretilen kola a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 10\u2019u d\u0131\u015f pazarlara g\u00f6nderiliyor ve bu oran ile bile y\u00fczlerce milyar dolarl\u0131k ticaret hacmine ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Bat\u0131 Afrikal\u0131 \u00fcreticiler bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kilosunu 250 ila 600 franka sat\u0131yor. K\u0131ta d\u0131\u015f\u0131na sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise fiyat\u0131 1300 ila 1800 franka kadar y\u00fckseliyor. <\/strong><\/span>
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Modern sanayi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendisine yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnler kazand\u0131rabilme amac\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde as\u0131rlard\u0131r t\u00fcketilen yiyecekleri de yak\u0131ndan takibe ald\u0131. Bunlardan biri ise bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131 Afrika olarak bildi\u011fimiz ve 20 kadar k\u0131ta \u00fclkesinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu co\u011frafyan\u0131n baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerinde yeti\u015fen kola a\u011fac\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kola cevizi, f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya kestanesi diyebilece\u011fimiz meyvesidir. \u0130lk defa yerlilerce ne zaman t\u00fcketilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmese de yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n ifadelerine g\u00f6re binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor. <\/span>
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\u0130SLAM\u0130YETLE YAYILDI <\/strong><\/span>
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Kola, \u00f6zellikle \u0130slamiyetin 8. veya 9. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda bu b\u00f6lgede de yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla kullan\u0131m\u0131 bir ihtiya\u00e7 maddesi olmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, dini ama\u00e7l\u0131 her ortamda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda ciddi bir ticaret meta\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yerel bir kabilenin aksan\u0131 ile kla, kola veya gola denmesi \u00fczerine t\u00fcm Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da benimsendi\u011fi gibi art\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada da bu ad\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Kola a\u011fac\u0131 bir Afrika bitkisi ve anavatan\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikle birlikte Fildi\u015fi Sahili ad\u0131 verilen \u00fclke. Bunun s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fular\u0131nda veya ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa yeti\u015ftiriliyor. \u015eimdilerde y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretiminin 300 bin tonu a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade ediliyor. K\u0131ta i\u00e7inde \u00fcretilip y\u00fczde 90 gibi olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek bir oranda burada taze olarak ve herhangi bir sanayi i\u015flemine tabi tutulmadan t\u00fcketilen nadir \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden biri. <\/span>
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ABD VE AVRUPA \u0130LG\u0130S\u0130 <\/strong><\/span>
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Fakat ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere Avrupa \u00fclkeleri son y\u00fczy\u0131lda, son y\u0131llarda ise Hindistan bu \u00fcr\u00fcne ciddi alaka duydu. Uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda tekstilde boyama, eczac\u0131l\u0131kta t\u00fcm teskin edici ila\u00e7lar\u0131n bile\u015fenlerinde, kozmetikte makyaj malzemelerinde, diyetisyenlerin zay\u0131flama re\u00e7etelerinde, genel tabirle t\u00fcm kolal\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi. Sadece y\u00fczde 10 oran\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f pazarlara sevki, y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00fczlerce milyar dolarl\u0131k ticaret hacimlerine ula\u015f\u0131yor. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te co\u011frafya derslerimize gelen bir akademisyen bundan bahsedince s\u0131n\u0131ftaki arkada\u015flar bir sonraki derse getirdiler ve ilk defa orada g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Ba\u015fkent Bamako\u2019da bulundu\u011fum g\u00fcnlerde insanlar\u0131n adeta \u00e7erez gibi t\u00fckettikleri bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131sam da t\u00fcm bu b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fini y\u0131llarca kavrayamad\u0131m.<\/span>
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EVL\u0130L\u0130K TEKL\u0130F\u0130NE CEVAP <\/strong><\/span>
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Me\u011fer kola cevizi, evlilik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7lerin aileleri aras\u0131nda k\u0131z taraf\u0131na teklif yap\u0131l\u0131rken verilen \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn beyaz olmas\u0131n\u0131n evet, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n ise hay\u0131r anlam\u0131na gelmesi, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr \u00e7eyiz te\u015fkil etmesi, yeni do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n sevincinin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, mevlit ve cenaze gibi t\u00f6renlerde misafirlere ikram\u0131, anla\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme gibi iki ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 sonuca ba\u011flanan konular\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda, Sokoto ve Bornu y\u00f6neticileri aras\u0131nda sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcst seviyede temsilini g\u00f6stermede de\u011feri bi\u00e7ilemeyen bir \u00fcr\u00fcn. \u0130slamiyetin alkol\u00fc yasaklamas\u0131 da insanlar\u0131n bu \u00fcr\u00fcnle hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmelerine, hatta onu kutsalla\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na vesile olmu\u015f. 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019daki Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrge karakollar\u0131ndan birindeki g\u00f6revliler bir kola a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dal\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015flar. A\u011fac\u0131n faydas\u0131 o kadar hayati olmu\u015f ki, yeti\u015fmesi m\u00fcsait olan her k\u00f6y\u00fcn etraf\u0131na mutlaka belli say\u0131da dikilmi\u015f. Ancak yeni a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n dikilmesine ise daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde pek s\u0131cak bak\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, hatta bunu yapanlar\u0131n fazla ya\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131r olmu\u015f.<\/span>
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EN B\u00dcY\u00dcK \u00dcRET\u0130C\u0130LER <\/strong><\/span>
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Fildi\u015fi Sahili, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kola cevizini en \u00e7ok \u00fcreten \u00fclke olarak biliniyor. 300 bin tonu ge\u00e7en \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 70\u2019ini Nijerya tek ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131yor. \u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici \u00fclke ise ba\u015fkenti Konakri olan Gine. Gine-Bissau\u2019dan Gana\u2019ya kadar hatta Nijerya ve Kamerun\u2019un baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde de bu \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftiriliyor. Son d\u00f6nemlerde bu a\u011fac\u0131n Karayip adalar\u0131ndan Jamaika, Brezilya, Malezya, Sri Lanka ve Endonezya\u2019da da dikilmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f. En b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcketici Nijerya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda taze olarak t\u00fcketen \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Benin, Nijer, Gambiya ve Moritanya geliyor. <\/span>
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\u00d6NEML\u0130 D\u00d6V\u0130Z KAYNA\u011eI <\/strong><\/span>
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Bat\u0131 Afrikal\u0131 \u00fcreticiler bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kilosunu 250 ila 600 frank kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131yor. Bunun hem b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerine hem de k\u0131ta d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan talep edenlere pazarlamak i\u00e7in piyasas\u0131n\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019nin Anyama gibi \u015fehirlerinde ise kilosu 1300 ila 1800 franka kadar y\u00fckseliyor. \u00d6zellikle bu \u00fclkede, ABD ve Avrupal\u0131 \u015firketlerin al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, temin ettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnleri hen\u00fcz buralarda iken baz\u0131 \u00f6zel i\u015flemlerden ge\u00e7iriyor ve bunu son derece gizli tutuyorlar. Sadece Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019nin bu \u00fcr\u00fcnden y\u00fczlerce milyon dolarl\u0131k ciddi bir gelir elde etti\u011fi biliniyor. <\/span>
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As\u0131rlarca t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgede Dioula (Jula) denen toplumun \u00f6zellikle Mandeng denen kolunun tekelinde kalan bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazarlanmas\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda da sadece yerel insanlar\u0131n u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 olarak kald\u0131. 1460 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk defa Portekizlilerin Atlas Okyanusu sahillerinde gemilerle gidip gelmeleri ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tan\u0131malar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda demiryolu ve k\u0131ta i\u00e7inde kara yollar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, kola cevizinin daha \u00e7ok \u00fcretilmesini ve b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. <\/span>
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HEDEF ASYA <\/strong><\/span>
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Fransa 1920 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar pek ilgilenmedi\u011fi bu \u00fcr\u00fcnden birden on binlerce kilo almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir s\u00fcre sonra L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019den bu b\u00f6lgeye gelmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu ticaretle me\u015fgul kimseler, bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazar\u0131ndaki yerel tekeli k\u0131rmakla kalmad\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toptanc\u0131lar oldu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem yerel pazarlar hem de uluslararas\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in art\u0131k ciddi bir ticari alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u015eimdilerde ise d\u0131\u015f pazarlarda daha fazla bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131t\u0131p \u00f6zellikle Asya\u2019da daha geni\u015f kitlelere ula\u015fmak istiyorlar. Avrupa toplumlar\u0131nda sigara nas\u0131l ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta soylular\u0131n t\u00fcketti\u011fi bir \u00fcr\u00fcn iken, as\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde neredeyse bulan herkesin t\u00fcketti\u011fi konuma gelince, \u0130ngiliz ileri gelenleri \u00f6zel bir k\u0131yafet dikip ad\u0131na da \u2018smokin\u2019 diyerek ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6stermek istemi\u015flerdi. Bat\u0131 Afrika M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131 da emir, sultan, halife ve her seviyeden dini merasimlere y\u00f6n verenlerin etraf\u0131nda toplananlara verdikleri k\u0131ymeti g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kola cevizi ikram ediyorlar. \u00d6yle ki, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra\u2019ya kadar uzanan kuzey-g\u00fcney aras\u0131ndaki en u\u00e7 noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren en \u00f6nemli ba\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f. <\/span>
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B\u0130R\u00c7OK SEKT\u00d6RDE \u0130\u015e FIRSATI <\/strong><\/span>
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Her b\u00f6lgede yeti\u015fmemesi, \u00f6nemli pazar imkan\u0131n\u0131n ve daima t\u00fcketicisinin bulunmas\u0131, bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ticari de\u011ferini as\u0131rlarca i\u00e7inde art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. \u015eimdilerde ise sadece tekstil, eczac\u0131l\u0131k, kozmetik ve enerji veren i\u00e7eceklerde zorunlu katk\u0131 maddesi olmas\u0131 buna y\u00f6nelimi art\u0131racak ve \u00fcreticilerin \u00f6nlerine yeni f\u0131rsatlar sunacak. Son y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle \u00fcretimin geli\u015ftirilmesi, sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ihra\u00e7 eden \u00fclkelerce de yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yeni pazarlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 kurulan meslek odalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde yer al\u0131yor.<\/span>
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T\u00d6RENLER\u0130N BA\u015e MEYVES\u0130 <\/strong><\/span>
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Kola cevizi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6nemli sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin hammaddesi olmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz ile Atlas Okyanusu aras\u0131nda ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn g\u00fcneyini ku\u015fatan Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n Sahel (Sahil) dedikleri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tarih\u00e7i ve co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ise Bil\u00e2d\u00fcssudan olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin en bat\u0131s\u0131nda yeti\u015fiyordu. <\/span>
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Do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ve kuzey-g\u00fcney istikametlerinde yolculuk yapan yerel toplumlar\u0131n seyahatleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u0131da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kadar \u00f6zellikle tuz temin etmek i\u00e7in B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra\u2019ya kadar giderek ticaretini yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fas\u2019ta ya\u015fayan Sahraalt\u0131\u2019ndan gelenlerin de talepleri kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken, as\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde alt\u0131n, kuma\u015f ve canl\u0131 hayvan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131tan\u0131n bu u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z ormanlar\u0131 ile \u00e7\u00f6l toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n birinci derecede temin etmek zorunda olduklar\u0131 bir meyve idi. \u00d6yle ki, bu meyve olmadan herhangi bir t\u00f6ren yap\u0131lamazd\u0131. <\/span>
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10 YIL SONRA MEYVE VER\u0130YOR <\/strong><\/span>
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\u0130lk dikildi\u011finden en erken 10 y\u0131l sonra meyve vermesi ve bir insan \u00f6mr\u00fc kadar ya\u015fay\u0131p, her ge\u00e7en sene \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmas\u0131, kola a\u011fac\u0131na \u00f6zel ihtimam g\u00f6sterilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. 20 metreyi bulan uzunlu\u011fu, \u00f6zel yuvalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde 8\/10 adet kola cevizi diyebilece\u011fimiz her biri normal kestane boyutunda ve 20\/30 gram a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, krem beyaz\u0131 veya g\u00fcl rengi meyvesinin en \u00f6nemli bile\u015feni y\u00fczde 4 oran\u0131na kadar kafein i\u00e7ermesi. \u00dcreticilerinin pazarlamac\u0131, pazarlamac\u0131lar\u0131n da \u00fcretici olmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade edilmeyen bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn her iki taraf\u0131 da birer tekel olu\u015fturmu\u015f. Neredeyse her \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftiren m\u00fc\u015fteri i\u00e7in pazarlara giderken bunda tam aksine al\u0131c\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131na gelir ve fiyat\u0131 kendisi belirler. <\/span>
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TIPTA YAYGIN <\/strong><\/span>
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Bir zamanlar ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, yorgunluk gibi hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcketilen \u00fcr\u00fcn, art\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin vazge\u00e7ilmezleri aras\u0131na girdi. \u00d6zellikle 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikan i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda yaraland\u0131ktan sonra ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atlanta \u015fehrinde \u00e7ekti\u011fi a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 morfinlerle teskin etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan John Pemperton isimli eczac\u0131n\u0131n, uzun s\u00fcren u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu kokain bitkisinin yapra\u011f\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi \u015f\u0131ra ile kola cevizinin kafeinini ba\u015fka katk\u0131 maddeleri ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u015furup, zamanla kolal\u0131 i\u00e7eceklerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Bug\u00fcn farkl\u0131 ebatlardaki \u015fi\u015fe ve kutucuklarda 2 milyar adet sat\u0131labilen bu i\u00e7eceklerde her ne kadar kokain bitkisinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 1940\u2019larda sonland\u0131r\u0131lsa da kola cevizi, arap zamk\u0131 ve vanilya, ciddi katk\u0131 maddeleri olarak kullan\u0131lmaya devam ediyor. En me\u015fhur \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne iki ana bile\u015fkenin ad\u0131 verilse de zamanla G\u00fcney Amerika k\u00f6kenli bitkinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 son bulsa da Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kola cevizi h\u00e2l\u00e2 k\u0131ymetini koruyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"bati-afrikanin-kutsal-agaci-kola","tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kutsal a\u011fac\u0131: Kola","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":1093,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":23209,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":23110,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kutsal a\u011fac\u0131: Kola","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":null,"content":" \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t

PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS<\/strong><\/span>
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Kola, bir Afrika bitkisi ve anavatan\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikle birlikte Fildi\u015fi Sahili ad\u0131 verilen \u00fclke. Kola a\u011fac\u0131, tekstilde boyama, eczac\u0131l\u0131kta t\u00fcm teskin edici ila\u00e7larda, kozmetikte makyaj malzemelerinde, zay\u0131flama re\u00e7etelerinde, k\u0131saca t\u00fcm kolal\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131. <\/strong><\/span>
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\u00dcretilen kola a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 10\u2019u d\u0131\u015f pazarlara g\u00f6nderiliyor ve bu oran ile bile y\u00fczlerce milyar dolarl\u0131k ticaret hacmine ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Bat\u0131 Afrikal\u0131 \u00fcreticiler bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kilosunu 250 ila 600 franka sat\u0131yor. K\u0131ta d\u0131\u015f\u0131na sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise fiyat\u0131 1300 ila 1800 franka kadar y\u00fckseliyor. <\/strong><\/span>
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Modern sanayi 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendisine yeni \u00fcr\u00fcnler kazand\u0131rabilme amac\u0131yla s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde as\u0131rlard\u0131r t\u00fcketilen yiyecekleri de yak\u0131ndan takibe ald\u0131. Bunlardan biri ise bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131 Afrika olarak bildi\u011fimiz ve 20 kadar k\u0131ta \u00fclkesinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu co\u011frafyan\u0131n baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerinde yeti\u015fen kola a\u011fac\u0131ndan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kola cevizi, f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya kestanesi diyebilece\u011fimiz meyvesidir. \u0130lk defa yerlilerce ne zaman t\u00fcketilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmese de yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n ifadelerine g\u00f6re binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k ge\u00e7mi\u015fi oldu\u011fu tahmin ediliyor. <\/span>
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\u0130SLAM\u0130YETLE YAYILDI <\/strong><\/span>
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Kola, \u00f6zellikle \u0130slamiyetin 8. veya 9. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda bu b\u00f6lgede de yay\u0131lmas\u0131yla kullan\u0131m\u0131 bir ihtiya\u00e7 maddesi olmas\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, dini ama\u00e7l\u0131 her ortamda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 yan\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda ciddi bir ticaret meta\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yerel bir kabilenin aksan\u0131 ile kla, kola veya gola denmesi \u00fczerine t\u00fcm Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019da benimsendi\u011fi gibi art\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada da bu ad\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131. Kola a\u011fac\u0131 bir Afrika bitkisi ve anavatan\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilikle birlikte Fildi\u015fi Sahili ad\u0131 verilen \u00fclke. Bunun s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fular\u0131nda veya ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerde s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 da olsa yeti\u015ftiriliyor. \u015eimdilerde y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretiminin 300 bin tonu a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade ediliyor. K\u0131ta i\u00e7inde \u00fcretilip y\u00fczde 90 gibi olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek bir oranda burada taze olarak ve herhangi bir sanayi i\u015flemine tabi tutulmadan t\u00fcketilen nadir \u00fcr\u00fcnlerden biri. <\/span>
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ABD VE AVRUPA \u0130LG\u0130S\u0130 <\/strong><\/span>
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Fakat ba\u015fta ABD olmak \u00fczere Avrupa \u00fclkeleri son y\u00fczy\u0131lda, son y\u0131llarda ise Hindistan bu \u00fcr\u00fcne ciddi alaka duydu. Uluslararas\u0131 pazarlarda tekstilde boyama, eczac\u0131l\u0131kta t\u00fcm teskin edici ila\u00e7lar\u0131n bile\u015fenlerinde, kozmetikte makyaj malzemelerinde, diyetisyenlerin zay\u0131flama re\u00e7etelerinde, genel tabirle t\u00fcm kolal\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin vazge\u00e7ilmez bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline geldi. Sadece y\u00fczde 10 oran\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f pazarlara sevki, y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00fczlerce milyar dolarl\u0131k ticaret hacimlerine ula\u015f\u0131yor. 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te co\u011frafya derslerimize gelen bir akademisyen bundan bahsedince s\u0131n\u0131ftaki arkada\u015flar bir sonraki derse getirdiler ve ilk defa orada g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcm. Ba\u015fkent Bamako\u2019da bulundu\u011fum g\u00fcnlerde insanlar\u0131n adeta \u00e7erez gibi t\u00fckettikleri bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131sam da t\u00fcm bu b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in ne ifade etti\u011fini y\u0131llarca kavrayamad\u0131m.<\/span>
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EVL\u0130L\u0130K TEKL\u0130F\u0130NE CEVAP <\/strong><\/span>
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Me\u011fer kola cevizi, evlilik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131ndaki gen\u00e7lerin aileleri aras\u0131nda k\u0131z taraf\u0131na teklif yap\u0131l\u0131rken verilen \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn beyaz olmas\u0131n\u0131n evet, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n ise hay\u0131r anlam\u0131na gelmesi, d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir t\u00fcr \u00e7eyiz te\u015fkil etmesi, yeni do\u011fan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n sevincinin payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, mevlit ve cenaze gibi t\u00f6renlerde misafirlere ikram\u0131, anla\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme gibi iki ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 sonuca ba\u011flanan konular\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131nda, Sokoto ve Bornu y\u00f6neticileri aras\u0131nda sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcst seviyede temsilini g\u00f6stermede de\u011feri bi\u00e7ilemeyen bir \u00fcr\u00fcn. \u0130slamiyetin alkol\u00fc yasaklamas\u0131 da insanlar\u0131n bu \u00fcr\u00fcnle hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 daha fazla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirmelerine, hatta onu kutsalla\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na vesile olmu\u015f. 1880 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019daki Frans\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcrge karakollar\u0131ndan birindeki g\u00f6revliler bir kola a\u011fac\u0131n\u0131n dal\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015flar. A\u011fac\u0131n faydas\u0131 o kadar hayati olmu\u015f ki, yeti\u015fmesi m\u00fcsait olan her k\u00f6y\u00fcn etraf\u0131na mutlaka belli say\u0131da dikilmi\u015f. Ancak yeni a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131n dikilmesine ise daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde pek s\u0131cak bak\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, hatta bunu yapanlar\u0131n fazla ya\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131r olmu\u015f.<\/span>
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EN B\u00dcY\u00dcK \u00dcRET\u0130C\u0130LER <\/strong><\/span>
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Fildi\u015fi Sahili, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kola cevizini en \u00e7ok \u00fcreten \u00fclke olarak biliniyor. 300 bin tonu ge\u00e7en \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fczde 70\u2019ini Nijerya tek ba\u015f\u0131na al\u0131yor. \u0130kinci b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretici \u00fclke ise ba\u015fkenti Konakri olan Gine. Gine-Bissau\u2019dan Gana\u2019ya kadar hatta Nijerya ve Kamerun\u2019un baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde de bu \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftiriliyor. Son d\u00f6nemlerde bu a\u011fac\u0131n Karayip adalar\u0131ndan Jamaika, Brezilya, Malezya, Sri Lanka ve Endonezya\u2019da da dikilmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f. En b\u00fcy\u00fck t\u00fcketici Nijerya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda taze olarak t\u00fcketen \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Benin, Nijer, Gambiya ve Moritanya geliyor. <\/span>
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\u00d6NEML\u0130 D\u00d6V\u0130Z KAYNA\u011eI <\/strong><\/span>
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Bat\u0131 Afrikal\u0131 \u00fcreticiler bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kilosunu 250 ila 600 frank kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sat\u0131yor. Bunun hem b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerine hem de k\u0131ta d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan talep edenlere pazarlamak i\u00e7in piyasas\u0131n\u0131n belirlendi\u011fi Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019nin Anyama gibi \u015fehirlerinde ise kilosu 1300 ila 1800 franka kadar y\u00fckseliyor. \u00d6zellikle bu \u00fclkede, ABD ve Avrupal\u0131 \u015firketlerin al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, temin ettikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnleri hen\u00fcz buralarda iken baz\u0131 \u00f6zel i\u015flemlerden ge\u00e7iriyor ve bunu son derece gizli tutuyorlar. Sadece Fildi\u015fi Sahili\u2019nin bu \u00fcr\u00fcnden y\u00fczlerce milyon dolarl\u0131k ciddi bir gelir elde etti\u011fi biliniyor. <\/span>
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As\u0131rlarca t\u00fcm b\u00f6lgede Dioula (Jula) denen toplumun \u00f6zellikle Mandeng denen kolunun tekelinde kalan bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazarlanmas\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda da sadece yerel insanlar\u0131n u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 olarak kald\u0131. 1460 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilk defa Portekizlilerin Atlas Okyanusu sahillerinde gemilerle gidip gelmeleri ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda tan\u0131malar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda demiryolu ve k\u0131ta i\u00e7inde kara yollar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, kola cevizinin daha \u00e7ok \u00fcretilmesini ve b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. <\/span>
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HEDEF ASYA <\/strong><\/span>
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Fransa 1920 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar pek ilgilenmedi\u011fi bu \u00fcr\u00fcnden birden on binlerce kilo almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir s\u00fcre sonra L\u00fcbnan ve Suriye\u2019den bu b\u00f6lgeye gelmelerini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu ticaretle me\u015fgul kimseler, bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn pazar\u0131ndaki yerel tekeli k\u0131rmakla kalmad\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck toptanc\u0131lar oldu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hem yerel pazarlar hem de uluslararas\u0131 al\u0131c\u0131lar i\u00e7in art\u0131k ciddi bir ticari alana d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u015eimdilerde ise d\u0131\u015f pazarlarda daha fazla bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc tan\u0131t\u0131p \u00f6zellikle Asya\u2019da daha geni\u015f kitlelere ula\u015fmak istiyorlar. Avrupa toplumlar\u0131nda sigara nas\u0131l ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta soylular\u0131n t\u00fcketti\u011fi bir \u00fcr\u00fcn iken, as\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde neredeyse bulan herkesin t\u00fcketti\u011fi konuma gelince, \u0130ngiliz ileri gelenleri \u00f6zel bir k\u0131yafet dikip ad\u0131na da \u2018smokin\u2019 diyerek ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6stermek istemi\u015flerdi. Bat\u0131 Afrika M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplumlar\u0131 da emir, sultan, halife ve her seviyeden dini merasimlere y\u00f6n verenlerin etraf\u0131nda toplananlara verdikleri k\u0131ymeti g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in kola cevizi ikram ediyorlar. \u00d6yle ki, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra\u2019ya kadar uzanan kuzey-g\u00fcney aras\u0131ndaki en u\u00e7 noktalar\u0131 birle\u015ftiren en \u00f6nemli ba\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f. <\/span>
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B\u0130R\u00c7OK SEKT\u00d6RDE \u0130\u015e FIRSATI <\/strong><\/span>
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Her b\u00f6lgede yeti\u015fmemesi, \u00f6nemli pazar imkan\u0131n\u0131n ve daima t\u00fcketicisinin bulunmas\u0131, bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ticari de\u011ferini as\u0131rlarca i\u00e7inde art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f. \u015eimdilerde ise sadece tekstil, eczac\u0131l\u0131k, kozmetik ve enerji veren i\u00e7eceklerde zorunlu katk\u0131 maddesi olmas\u0131 buna y\u00f6nelimi art\u0131racak ve \u00fcreticilerin \u00f6nlerine yeni f\u0131rsatlar sunacak. Son y\u0131llarda \u00f6zellikle \u00fcretimin geli\u015ftirilmesi, sanayile\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ihra\u00e7 eden \u00fclkelerce de yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yeni pazarlar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 kurulan meslek odalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeminde yer al\u0131yor.<\/span>
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T\u00d6RENLER\u0130N BA\u015e MEYVES\u0130 <\/strong><\/span>
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Kola cevizi, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00f6nemli sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin hammaddesi olmas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce K\u0131z\u0131ldeniz ile Atlas Okyanusu aras\u0131nda ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn g\u00fcneyini ku\u015fatan Bat\u0131l\u0131lar\u0131n Sahel (Sahil) dedikleri, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tarih\u00e7i ve co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ise Bil\u00e2d\u00fcssudan olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin en bat\u0131s\u0131nda yeti\u015fiyordu. <\/span>
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Do\u011fu-bat\u0131 ve kuzey-g\u00fcney istikametlerinde yolculuk yapan yerel toplumlar\u0131n seyahatleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcnl\u00fck g\u0131da ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kadar \u00f6zellikle tuz temin etmek i\u00e7in B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra\u2019ya kadar giderek ticaretini yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fc. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fas\u2019ta ya\u015fayan Sahraalt\u0131\u2019ndan gelenlerin de talepleri kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131rken, as\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde alt\u0131n, kuma\u015f ve canl\u0131 hayvan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131tan\u0131n bu u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z ormanlar\u0131 ile \u00e7\u00f6l toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n birinci derecede temin etmek zorunda olduklar\u0131 bir meyve idi. \u00d6yle ki, bu meyve olmadan herhangi bir t\u00f6ren yap\u0131lamazd\u0131. <\/span>
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10 YIL SONRA MEYVE VER\u0130YOR <\/strong><\/span>
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\u0130lk dikildi\u011finden en erken 10 y\u0131l sonra meyve vermesi ve bir insan \u00f6mr\u00fc kadar ya\u015fay\u0131p, her ge\u00e7en sene \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rmas\u0131, kola a\u011fac\u0131na \u00f6zel ihtimam g\u00f6sterilmesini sa\u011fl\u0131yor. 20 metreyi bulan uzunlu\u011fu, \u00f6zel yuvalar\u0131 i\u00e7inde 8\/10 adet kola cevizi diyebilece\u011fimiz her biri normal kestane boyutunda ve 20\/30 gram a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131, krem beyaz\u0131 veya g\u00fcl rengi meyvesinin en \u00f6nemli bile\u015feni y\u00fczde 4 oran\u0131na kadar kafein i\u00e7ermesi. \u00dcreticilerinin pazarlamac\u0131, pazarlamac\u0131lar\u0131n da \u00fcretici olmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade edilmeyen bu \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn her iki taraf\u0131 da birer tekel olu\u015fturmu\u015f. Neredeyse her \u00fcr\u00fcn yeti\u015ftiren m\u00fc\u015fteri i\u00e7in pazarlara giderken bunda tam aksine al\u0131c\u0131 sat\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n aya\u011f\u0131na gelir ve fiyat\u0131 kendisi belirler. <\/span>
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TIPTA YAYGIN <\/strong><\/span>
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Bir zamanlar ba\u015f a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131, yorgunluk gibi hastal\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcketilen \u00fcr\u00fcn, art\u0131k g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin vazge\u00e7ilmezleri aras\u0131na girdi. \u00d6zellikle 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amerikan i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131nda yaraland\u0131ktan sonra ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atlanta \u015fehrinde \u00e7ekti\u011fi a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 morfinlerle teskin etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan John Pemperton isimli eczac\u0131n\u0131n, uzun s\u00fcren u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu kokain bitkisinin yapra\u011f\u0131ndan elde etti\u011fi \u015f\u0131ra ile kola cevizinin kafeinini ba\u015fka katk\u0131 maddeleri ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u015furup, zamanla kolal\u0131 i\u00e7eceklerin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7t\u0131. Bug\u00fcn farkl\u0131 ebatlardaki \u015fi\u015fe ve kutucuklarda 2 milyar adet sat\u0131labilen bu i\u00e7eceklerde her ne kadar kokain bitkisinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 1940\u2019larda sonland\u0131r\u0131lsa da kola cevizi, arap zamk\u0131 ve vanilya, ciddi katk\u0131 maddeleri olarak kullan\u0131lmaya devam ediyor. En me\u015fhur \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcne iki ana bile\u015fkenin ad\u0131 verilse de zamanla G\u00fcney Amerika k\u00f6kenli bitkinin kullan\u0131m\u0131 son bulsa da Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kola cevizi h\u00e2l\u00e2 k\u0131ymetini koruyor.<\/span><\/p> \t\t\t\t","slug":"bati-afrikanin-kutsal-agaci-kola","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","meta_title":"Bat\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n kutsal a\u011fac\u0131: Kola","meta_description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","meta_keywords":"K\u00f6\u015fe Yaz\u0131s\u0131","view_count":1093,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}