{"status":true,"post":{"id":51923,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2024-05-20 08:53:00","created_at":"2024-05-20T05:53:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-05-20T05:59:54.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":51923,"is_featured":0,"title":"Afrika\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye de yar\u0131\u015fa girdi","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"


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OECD\u2019nin Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Komitesi \u00fcyeleri, her y\u0131l geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere ikili veya \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 resmi kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Ancak bu yard\u0131mlar\u0131n yerel kalk\u0131nmaya faydas\u0131 ve askeri darbelere etkisi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda don\u00f6r \u00fclke stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrkiye ise bir\u00e7ok kurum \u00fczerinden Afrika\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve deste\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>


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Afrika dendi\u011fi zaman akla ilk gelen konulardan biri, \u2018yard\u0131m alan k\u0131ta\u2019 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yard\u0131m\u0131 yapan \u00fclkeler de genelde bu devasa co\u011frafyan\u0131n \u00f6zellikle yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde t\u00fcketenlerdir. Birka\u00e7 as\u0131rd\u0131r ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyan bu dengenin \u00f6zel bir u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kitaplar ve makaleler dahi yaz\u0131l\u0131yor. Walter Rodney\u2019in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye de terc\u00fcme edilen \u2018Avrupa Afrika\u2019y\u0131 Nas\u0131l Geri B\u0131rakt\u0131\u2019 veya Dambisa Moyo\u2019nun \u2018Dead Aid\u2019, yani \u2018\u00d6l\u00fc Yard\u0131m\u2019 kitab\u0131 sadece bunlar aras\u0131nda dikkati \u00e7ekenler.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

YARDIM RAPORU<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130ktisadi \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi ve Geli\u015fme Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (OECD) b\u00fcnyesinde 31 \u00fcye devletin bulundu\u011fu Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Komitesi (DAC), her y\u0131l d\u00fcnya genelinde geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere yap\u0131lan ikili ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (RKY) konu alan bir rapor yay\u0131nl\u0131yor. 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan uygulaman\u0131n yeni raporu, 11 Nisan 2024\u2019te yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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Uluslararas\u0131 yard\u0131mlar sadece Afrika \u00fclkelerine yap\u0131lm\u0131yor. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00fclkeler geli\u015fmi\u015f, geli\u015fmekte olan ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleri diye \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc isimlendirme a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 bir ifadeydi, neyse ki, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda unutulmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. Fakat Dambisa Moyo\u2019nun dedi\u011fi gibi bu yard\u0131mlar acaba \u00fclkelerin gelece\u011fine m\u00fcspet katk\u0131 m\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 yoksa onlar\u0131n gelece\u011fini mi karartt\u0131, bu konu hep tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Kendisi Guyanal\u0131 olan Walter Rodney\u2019in bir\u00e7ok uygulamalar\u0131 \u00f6rnek g\u00f6stererek verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re, bunlar Afrika\u2019da uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi geri kalman\u0131n sebebini mi te\u015fkil etti?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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YERL\u0130 M\u0130, YABANCI MI?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Kalk\u0131nma, k\u0131tan\u0131n i\u00e7inde kendi insan\u0131 ve kaynaklar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olursa m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Halen her biri milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan i\u015f hacmine sahip 350 k\u0131ta yerlisi \u015firketten bahsediliyor. Bu arada Fransa, Almanya gibi Nijerya\u2019ya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ilgi duyuyor, hatta son 10 y\u0131lda bu \u00fclkedeki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 100 civar\u0131ndaki Frans\u0131z \u015firketi sayesinde bu \u00fclkenin ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck finans orta\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/span><\/p>


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Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n hep di\u011fer k\u0131talardan gelmesi, k\u0131ta yerlisi \u015firketlerin ise di\u011fer co\u011frafyalardaki yat\u0131r\u0131m miktar\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 3.5 seviyesinde kalmas\u0131, bir ele\u015ftiri konusu. Afrikal\u0131 \u015firketlerin di\u011fer k\u0131talardaki yat\u0131r\u0131m oranlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Zira yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan cezbedici \u00f6zellik.<\/span><\/p>

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Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da kalk\u0131nma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n 2023\u2019te y\u00fczde 3.4 hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 2024\u2019te y\u00fczde 3.8\u2019e ve 2025\u2019te y\u00fczde 4 seviyesine y\u00fckselece\u011fine dair tahminler, gelecek i\u00e7in umut vaat ediyor. Dahas\u0131 2024-2028 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgedeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelerin br\u00fct finansman ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k GSYH\u2019sinin y\u00fczde 6\u2019s\u0131 oran\u0131yla 70 milyar seviyesine ula\u015farak \u00f6nemli f\u0131rsatlar sunaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>

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223 M\u0130LYAR DOLAR \u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Nisan ay\u0131nda OECD taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan rapora g\u00f6re, ge\u00e7en y\u0131l 31 Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 Komitesi \u00fcyesi \u00fclke, \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131talardaki geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere 223.7 milyar dolar Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re Afrika\u2019ya yap\u0131lanlarda y\u00fczde 2 (ger\u00e7ekte y\u00fczde 1.8) oran\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ger\u00e7i son 5 y\u0131lda s\u00fcrekli art\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusu. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde insani yard\u0131mlar y\u00fczde 4.8 art\u0131\u015fla 25.9 milyar dolar seviyesine ula\u015farak dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/span><\/p>

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Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l ilk defa yap\u0131lan Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Afrika\u2019ya ayr\u0131lan miktar 42 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131. Bunun 36 milyar dolar\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkelerine verildi. 2022\u2019de bu miktar 30 milyar dolard\u0131. Bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sebebi, k\u00fcresel seviyedeki art\u0131\u015fla alakal\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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EN \u00c7OK YARDIM YAPANLAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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En \u00e7ok Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 yapan \u00fclkeler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda ABD (66.04 milyar dolar), Almanya (36.68 milyar dolar), Avrupa Birli\u011fi (26.93 milyar dolar), Japonya (19.6 milyar dolar) ve \u0130ngiltere (19.1 milyar dolar) ilk be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck don\u00f6r. 2022\u2019de d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olan Fransa ise ge\u00e7en y\u0131l 15.4 milyar dolarla alt\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0131rada yer ald\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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FRANSA\u2019NIN \u0130LG\u0130S\u0130\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Bu don\u00f6r (yard\u0131m yapan) \u00fclkeler i\u00e7inde bilhassa Fransa\u2019n\u0131n odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge, Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkeleri. Fransa, 2021\u2019de iki tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 36\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgeye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak 2022\u2019dekine k\u0131yasla y\u00fczde 11\u2019lik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131. Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 62\u2019sinin, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelen paradigman\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesini istemesi de bunda etkili oldu. Frans\u0131zlar, kamu kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re daha fazla g\u00f6rev verilmesini istiyor. Yine de y\u00fczde 38 oran\u0131ndaki k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6zel fonlarla finanse edilmesini istemiyor.<\/span><\/p>

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SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemindeki \u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin yava\u015f yava\u015f Afrika\u2019da tekrar kendine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten ge\u00e7iliyor. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 darbelerin y\u00fczde 83\u2019\u00fcnde Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 bunu g\u00f6steriyor. B\u00f6lgede, son y\u0131llarda, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi siyasetine benzeyen \u015fekilde Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 67 oran\u0131nda kesildi\u011fi kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece darbe ya\u015fayan b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleri havu\u00e7 ve sopa siyaseti aras\u0131nda tercihe zorlan\u0131yor. Bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek varsa bu darbeler b\u00f6lgedeki jeostratejik ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fcresel ba\u011flamdan kopuk geli\u015fmeler de\u011fil. Sadece ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir darbenin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n bir y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde ve bir y\u0131l sonras\u0131ndaki Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 bile ya\u015fanan s\u00fcreci anlamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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HEM KOM\u015eULARA HEM UZAKLARA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Bu arada don\u00f6rler, sadece Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler de\u011fil. \u00c7in, Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye ve K\u00f6rfez Arap \u00fclkeleri de kalk\u0131nmaya, ciddi tutarda yard\u0131mlarla destek sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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T\u00fcrkiye, 2000\u2019ler \u00f6ncesinde OECD taraf\u0131ndan Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 sa\u011flanan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ancak 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda don\u00f6r \u00fclke oldu. T\u00fcrkiye, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131nda Orta Do\u011fu ve Afrika \u00fclkelerine \u00f6ncelik veriyor. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye Haiti, Myanmar ve Filipinler dahil Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 yan\u0131nda kredi ve bor\u00e7 vererek, \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 te\u015fvik ederek ve sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 desteklerle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n say\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131ndaki yerini alm\u0131\u015f durumda. Hatta T\u00fcrkiye, gayri safi milli has\u0131la dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yard\u0131m tutar\u0131yla Almanya ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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OECD Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Komitesi (DAC) \u00fcyesi olmayan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7inde sadece \u00c7in, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ge\u00e7ti. Bu geli\u015fmede T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimin katk\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu. T\u00fcrkiye, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda da DAC \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 10. s\u0131rada yer ald\u0131. DAC \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerin 2013\u2019teki 134 milyar dolarl\u0131k yard\u0131m\u0131n, o \u00fclkelerin milli gelirlerine oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 0.3\u2019t\u00fc. T\u00fcrkiye ise y\u00fczde 0.42 seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2013\u2019teki toplam 4 milyar 347 milyon dolar kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 3 milyar 307 milyon dolar\u0131 genelde iki tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 oldu. Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019ne (AfB) 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemci \u00fcye olan T\u00fcrkiye, g\u00f6zlemci \u00fcyelik kapsam\u0131nda veya k\u0131tadaki baz\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme hareketlerinin faaliyetlerine \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Ankara, \u00e7evresindeki \u00fclkelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Afrika\u2019da artan insani ve kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla d\u00fcnya bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00fcndeminde yer al\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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DARBELERDEN \u00d6NCE FONLAR AZALIYOR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1950-2023 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 73 y\u0131lda 97 \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen askeri darbelerden 245\u2019i ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Bunlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 44\u2019\u00fc Afrika\u2019da, y\u00fczde 29\u2019u ise Latin Amerika \u00fclkelerinde yap\u0131ld\u0131. Son 5 y\u0131lda Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da Sudan, Mali, Burkina Faso, Gine, Nijer ve Gabon gibi \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve neredeyse hepsi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan darbelerle b\u00f6lgedeki Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda alaka kuruluyor. Darbe \u00f6ncesinde yard\u0131mlar\u0131n azalmas\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 etken oldu\u011fu, sonras\u0131nda ise herhangi bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile getiriliyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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KEND\u0130 BA\u015eINA VE KEND\u0130 \u0130NSANIYLA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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T\u00fcrkiye, Afrika \u00fclkelerinin k\u0131rsal kesimine su kuyular\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k taramalar\u0131, g\u0131da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da kamu binas\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na destek veriyor. 41 Afrika \u00fclkesindeki 60\u2019tan fazla noktaya sefer d\u00fczenleyen T\u00fcrk Havayollar\u0131 (THY), hemen hemen her \u00fclke i\u00e7in i\u015f konseyi kuran DE\u0130K, 60 binden fazla Afrikal\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciye \u00fcniversitelerde \u00f6\u011frenim imkan\u0131 veren Y\u00d6K, uluslararas\u0131 liselerde binlerce \u00f6\u011frenciye okuma f\u0131rsat\u0131 veren Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer kurumlar\u0131n hedefi, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bir an evvel hak etti\u011fi kalk\u0131nma hamlelerini kendi ba\u015f\u0131na ve kendi insan\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"afrikaya-yonelik-kalkinma-yardimlarinda-turkiye-de-yarisa-girdi","tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"news_cover_min":"\/front\/uploads\/blog\/thumbnail\/1716152400CLUEyZtQdY2Xsqp.webp","news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":14461,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":52049,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":51923,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Afrika\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye de yar\u0131\u015fa girdi","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"


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OECD\u2019nin Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Komitesi \u00fcyeleri, her y\u0131l geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere ikili veya \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 resmi kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Ancak bu yard\u0131mlar\u0131n yerel kalk\u0131nmaya faydas\u0131 ve askeri darbelere etkisi tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda don\u00f6r \u00fclke stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrkiye ise bir\u00e7ok kurum \u00fczerinden Afrika\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve deste\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>


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Afrika dendi\u011fi zaman akla ilk gelen konulardan biri, \u2018yard\u0131m alan k\u0131ta\u2019 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yard\u0131m\u0131 yapan \u00fclkeler de genelde bu devasa co\u011frafyan\u0131n \u00f6zellikle yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde t\u00fcketenlerdir. Birka\u00e7 as\u0131rd\u0131r ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyan bu dengenin \u00f6zel bir u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair kitaplar ve makaleler dahi yaz\u0131l\u0131yor. Walter Rodney\u2019in T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye de terc\u00fcme edilen \u2018Avrupa Afrika\u2019y\u0131 Nas\u0131l Geri B\u0131rakt\u0131\u2019 veya Dambisa Moyo\u2019nun \u2018Dead Aid\u2019, yani \u2018\u00d6l\u00fc Yard\u0131m\u2019 kitab\u0131 sadece bunlar aras\u0131nda dikkati \u00e7ekenler.<\/span><\/p>

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YARDIM RAPORU<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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\u0130ktisadi \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi ve Geli\u015fme Te\u015fkilat\u0131 (OECD) b\u00fcnyesinde 31 \u00fcye devletin bulundu\u011fu Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Komitesi (DAC), her y\u0131l d\u00fcnya genelinde geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere yap\u0131lan ikili ve \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 (RKY) konu alan bir rapor yay\u0131nl\u0131yor. 1969 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan uygulaman\u0131n yeni raporu, 11 Nisan 2024\u2019te yay\u0131nland\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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Uluslararas\u0131 yard\u0131mlar sadece Afrika \u00fclkelerine yap\u0131lm\u0131yor. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda \u00fclkeler geli\u015fmi\u015f, geli\u015fmekte olan ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnya \u00fclkeleri diye \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00d6zellikle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc isimlendirme a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede d\u0131\u015flay\u0131c\u0131 bir ifadeydi, neyse ki, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda unutulmas\u0131 sa\u011fland\u0131. Fakat Dambisa Moyo\u2019nun dedi\u011fi gibi bu yard\u0131mlar acaba \u00fclkelerin gelece\u011fine m\u00fcspet katk\u0131 m\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131 yoksa onlar\u0131n gelece\u011fini mi karartt\u0131, bu konu hep tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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Kendisi Guyanal\u0131 olan Walter Rodney\u2019in bir\u00e7ok uygulamalar\u0131 \u00f6rnek g\u00f6stererek verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re, bunlar Afrika\u2019da uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi geri kalman\u0131n sebebini mi te\u015fkil etti?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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YERL\u0130 M\u0130, YABANCI MI?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Kalk\u0131nma, k\u0131tan\u0131n i\u00e7inde kendi insan\u0131 ve kaynaklar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olursa m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Halen her biri milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan i\u015f hacmine sahip 350 k\u0131ta yerlisi \u015firketten bahsediliyor. Bu arada Fransa, Almanya gibi Nijerya\u2019ya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ilgi duyuyor, hatta son 10 y\u0131lda bu \u00fclkedeki yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. 100 civar\u0131ndaki Frans\u0131z \u015firketi sayesinde bu \u00fclkenin ikinci b\u00fcy\u00fck finans orta\u011f\u0131 oldu.<\/span><\/p>


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Yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n hep di\u011fer k\u0131talardan gelmesi, k\u0131ta yerlisi \u015firketlerin ise di\u011fer co\u011frafyalardaki yat\u0131r\u0131m miktar\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 3.5 seviyesinde kalmas\u0131, bir ele\u015ftiri konusu. Afrikal\u0131 \u015firketlerin di\u011fer k\u0131talardaki yat\u0131r\u0131m oranlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekiyor. Zira yat\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan cezbedici \u00f6zellik.<\/span><\/p>

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Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da kalk\u0131nma h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n 2023\u2019te y\u00fczde 3.4 hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, 2024\u2019te y\u00fczde 3.8\u2019e ve 2025\u2019te y\u00fczde 4 seviyesine y\u00fckselece\u011fine dair tahminler, gelecek i\u00e7in umut vaat ediyor. Dahas\u0131 2024-2028 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgedeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck gelirli \u00fclkelerin br\u00fct finansman ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ll\u0131k GSYH\u2019sinin y\u00fczde 6\u2019s\u0131 oran\u0131yla 70 milyar seviyesine ula\u015farak \u00f6nemli f\u0131rsatlar sunaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>

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223 M\u0130LYAR DOLAR \u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Nisan ay\u0131nda OECD taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan rapora g\u00f6re, ge\u00e7en y\u0131l 31 Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 Komitesi \u00fcyesi \u00fclke, \u00e7e\u015fitli k\u0131talardaki geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelere 223.7 milyar dolar Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131na g\u00f6re Afrika\u2019ya yap\u0131lanlarda y\u00fczde 2 (ger\u00e7ekte y\u00fczde 1.8) oran\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ger\u00e7i son 5 y\u0131lda s\u00fcrekli art\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusu. Bunlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde insani yard\u0131mlar y\u00fczde 4.8 art\u0131\u015fla 25.9 milyar dolar seviyesine ula\u015farak dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/span><\/p>

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Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l ilk defa yap\u0131lan Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Afrika\u2019ya ayr\u0131lan miktar 42 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131. Bunun 36 milyar dolar\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkelerine verildi. 2022\u2019de bu miktar 30 milyar dolard\u0131. Bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sebebi, k\u00fcresel seviyedeki art\u0131\u015fla alakal\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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EN \u00c7OK YARDIM YAPANLAR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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En \u00e7ok Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 yapan \u00fclkeler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda ABD (66.04 milyar dolar), Almanya (36.68 milyar dolar), Avrupa Birli\u011fi (26.93 milyar dolar), Japonya (19.6 milyar dolar) ve \u0130ngiltere (19.1 milyar dolar) ilk be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck don\u00f6r. 2022\u2019de d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc olan Fransa ise ge\u00e7en y\u0131l 15.4 milyar dolarla alt\u0131nc\u0131 s\u0131rada yer ald\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

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FRANSA\u2019NIN \u0130LG\u0130S\u0130\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Bu don\u00f6r (yard\u0131m yapan) \u00fclkeler i\u00e7inde bilhassa Fransa\u2019n\u0131n odakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge, Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkeleri. Fransa, 2021\u2019de iki tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 36\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgeye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak 2022\u2019dekine k\u0131yasla y\u00fczde 11\u2019lik bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131. Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 62\u2019sinin, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lagelen paradigman\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesini istemesi de bunda etkili oldu. Frans\u0131zlar, kamu kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re daha fazla g\u00f6rev verilmesini istiyor. Yine de y\u00fczde 38 oran\u0131ndaki k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6zel fonlarla finanse edilmesini istemiyor.<\/span><\/p>

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SO\u011eUK SAVA\u015e POL\u0130T\u0130KASI<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemindeki \u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeninin yava\u015f yava\u015f Afrika\u2019da tekrar kendine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7ten ge\u00e7iliyor. Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 darbelerin y\u00fczde 83\u2019\u00fcnde Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n azalmas\u0131 bunu g\u00f6steriyor. B\u00f6lgede, son y\u0131llarda, So\u011fuk Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi siyasetine benzeyen \u015fekilde Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 67 oran\u0131nda kesildi\u011fi kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece darbe ya\u015fayan b\u00f6lge \u00fclkeleri havu\u00e7 ve sopa siyaseti aras\u0131nda tercihe zorlan\u0131yor. Bilinen bir ger\u00e7ek varsa bu darbeler b\u00f6lgedeki jeostratejik ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fcresel ba\u011flamdan kopuk geli\u015fmeler de\u011fil. Sadece ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir darbenin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n bir y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde ve bir y\u0131l sonras\u0131ndaki Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 bile ya\u015fanan s\u00fcreci anlamay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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HEM KOM\u015eULARA HEM UZAKLARA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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Bu arada don\u00f6rler, sadece Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler de\u011fil. \u00c7in, Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye ve K\u00f6rfez Arap \u00fclkeleri de kalk\u0131nmaya, ciddi tutarda yard\u0131mlarla destek sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/span><\/p>

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T\u00fcrkiye, 2000\u2019ler \u00f6ncesinde OECD taraf\u0131ndan Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 sa\u011flanan \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ancak 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda don\u00f6r \u00fclke oldu. T\u00fcrkiye, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131nda Orta Do\u011fu ve Afrika \u00fclkelerine \u00f6ncelik veriyor. Ancak T\u00fcrkiye Haiti, Myanmar ve Filipinler dahil Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 yan\u0131nda kredi ve bor\u00e7 vererek, \u00f6zel yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 te\u015fvik ederek ve sivil toplum kurulu\u015flar\u0131 \u00fczerinden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 desteklerle d\u00fcnyan\u0131n say\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131ndaki yerini alm\u0131\u015f durumda. Hatta T\u00fcrkiye, gayri safi milli has\u0131la dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yard\u0131m tutar\u0131yla Almanya ve Japonya\u2019n\u0131n da \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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OECD Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 Komitesi (DAC) \u00fcyesi olmayan \u00fclkeler i\u00e7inde sadece \u00c7in, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi ge\u00e7ti. Bu geli\u015fmede T\u00fcrk d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimin katk\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu. T\u00fcrkiye, 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda da DAC \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler s\u0131ralamas\u0131nda 10. s\u0131rada yer ald\u0131. DAC \u00fcyesi \u00fclkelerin 2013\u2019teki 134 milyar dolarl\u0131k yard\u0131m\u0131n, o \u00fclkelerin milli gelirlerine oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 0.3\u2019t\u00fc. T\u00fcrkiye ise y\u00fczde 0.42 seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2013\u2019teki toplam 4 milyar 347 milyon dolar kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n 3 milyar 307 milyon dolar\u0131 genelde iki tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 oldu. Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019ne (AfB) 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda g\u00f6zlemci \u00fcye olan T\u00fcrkiye, g\u00f6zlemci \u00fcyelik kapsam\u0131nda veya k\u0131tadaki baz\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme hareketlerinin faaliyetlerine \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131yor. Ankara, \u00e7evresindeki \u00fclkelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Afrika\u2019da artan insani ve kalk\u0131nma yard\u0131mlar\u0131yla d\u00fcnya bas\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00fcndeminde yer al\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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DARBELERDEN \u00d6NCE FONLAR AZALIYOR<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

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1950-2023 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 73 y\u0131lda 97 \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen askeri darbelerden 245\u2019i ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oldu. Bunlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 44\u2019\u00fc Afrika\u2019da, y\u00fczde 29\u2019u ise Latin Amerika \u00fclkelerinde yap\u0131ld\u0131. Son 5 y\u0131lda Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019da Sudan, Mali, Burkina Faso, Gine, Nijer ve Gabon gibi \u00fclkelerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve neredeyse hepsi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan darbelerle b\u00f6lgedeki Resmi Kalk\u0131nma Yard\u0131mlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda alaka kuruluyor. Darbe \u00f6ncesinde yard\u0131mlar\u0131n azalmas\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 etken oldu\u011fu, sonras\u0131nda ise herhangi bir k\u0131s\u0131tlama olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile getiriliyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

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KEND\u0130 BA\u015eINA VE KEND\u0130 \u0130NSANIYLA<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

T\u00fcrkiye, Afrika \u00fclkelerinin k\u0131rsal kesimine su kuyular\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131k taramalar\u0131, g\u0131da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da kamu binas\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131na destek veriyor. 41 Afrika \u00fclkesindeki 60\u2019tan fazla noktaya sefer d\u00fczenleyen T\u00fcrk Havayollar\u0131 (THY), hemen hemen her \u00fclke i\u00e7in i\u015f konseyi kuran DE\u0130K, 60 binden fazla Afrikal\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenciye \u00fcniversitelerde \u00f6\u011frenim imkan\u0131 veren Y\u00d6K, uluslararas\u0131 liselerde binlerce \u00f6\u011frenciye okuma f\u0131rsat\u0131 veren Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer kurumlar\u0131n hedefi, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bir an evvel hak etti\u011fi kalk\u0131nma hamlelerini kendi ba\u015f\u0131na ve kendi insan\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>","slug":"afrikaya-yonelik-kalkinma-yardimlarinda-turkiye-de-yarisa-girdi","orjinalimage":"\/front\/uploads\/blog\/thumbnail\/1716152400CLUEyZtQdY2Xsqp.webp","news_cover_min":"\/front\/uploads\/blog\/thumbnail\/1716152400CLUEyZtQdY2Xsqp.webp","news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"view_count":14461,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}