{"status":true,"post":{"id":37430,"user_id":30,"status":1,"type":1,"orde":null,"notification_type":3,"static_post":0,"published_at":"2023-03-06 13:32:00","created_at":"2023-03-06T10:32:00.000000Z","updated_at":"2023-03-06T12:27:06.000000Z","edited_at":"2024-12-17 22:35:21","source_id":null,"post_id":37430,"is_featured":0,"title":"Afrika\u2019ya bor\u00e7 ku\u015fatmas\u0131","slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"category_id":73,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"


<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f borcu, 2019\u2019da 546 milyar dolara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2022 itibar\u0131yla Afrika genelinde toplam bor\u00e7lanma tutar\u0131; 700 milyar dolar\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika, 100 milyar dolar\u0131 ise Ma\u011frip \u00fclkelerinin olmak \u00fczere 800 milyar dolar\u0131 buldu. Bu borcun be\u015fte biri ise \u00c7in\u2019den al\u0131nd\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika\u2019da 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda elde edilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klarla birlikte yeni kurulan devletlerin hazinelerinde kendi kendilerine yetecek kaynaklar\u0131 yoktu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen 85 bin km kara s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, \u00fclkelerin adeta ellerini ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sadece kendilerine takdir edilen co\u011frafyada, bir taraftan yeni kimlikleri ile di\u011fer taraftan da h\u0131zla geli\u015fen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ekonomik yap\u0131lara sahiplerle ayn\u0131 istikamette ilerleyeceklerdi. Atacaklar\u0131 her ad\u0131m, ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck finans kaynaklar\u0131 ile olabilirdi. Kendilerinde ise bizzat i\u015fletmeleri imkans\u0131z hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda gelir getirecek ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yoktu. Hatta yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan kayna\u011f\u0131ndan dahi mahrumdular. Ama ne yap\u0131p edip toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n yol, su, elektrik, konut, liman ve daha bir\u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacaklard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

K\u0131tadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardaki t\u00fcm d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131 toplamda 6-9 milyar dolar veya en fazla 8 milyar dolar olarak ifade ediliyordu. Yaln\u0131z bu miktar\u0131 \u015fimdiki rakamla bir tutmamak gerekir. Zira o y\u0131llarda de\u011fil milyarlar, milyon dolarl\u0131 rakamlar\u0131n konu\u015fulmas\u0131 bile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mebla\u011f\u0131 ifade ediyordu. Aradan ge\u00e7en 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bu miktar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede katlanarak artt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

REKOR YILLARI\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

D\u00fcnya genelinde 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ekonomik kriz, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmek bir tarafa s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 daha da katlayarak artt\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131nca Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131 bir anda 72.5 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ise bor\u00e7lar art\u0131k 184 milyar dolar\u0131 bularak rekor k\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Yeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 alanlarla Afrika\u2019da \u00fclke say\u0131s\u0131 50\u2019yi ge\u00e7mi\u015fti ve 2011\u2019de G\u00fcney Sudan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile 54\u2019e y\u00fckseldi. Afrika, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda k\u0131talar aras\u0131nda oy say\u0131s\u0131yla en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc siyasi konuma sahip k\u0131ta olsa da ekonomik olarak her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getiriliyor. Bunu da sadece \u00c7in de\u011fil, ondan \u00f6nce ba\u015flayan bor\u00e7land\u0131rma usul\u00fcyle yap\u0131yorlar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Neredeyse 1 trilyon dolar gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bor\u00e7 Afrika \u00fclkelerinin \u00fcstesinden gelmesi zor bir seviye olacak. Her ne kadar Asya \u00fclkelerinin bor\u00e7 toplam\u0131 7 trilyon dolar\u0131 bulsa da o k\u0131tan\u0131n genel ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00f6denme noktas\u0131nda makul g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7\u0130N\u2019\u0130N DEVREYE G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika \u00fclkeleri bor\u00e7 almazsalar \u00fclkelerinin en zaruri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dahi kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00d6nlerinde bor\u00e7lanmadan ilerleme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 yoktu. Eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00fclkeler, daha ziyade de \u00f6zel bor\u00e7land\u0131rma yapan \u015firketler vard\u0131. Daha \u00e7ok da bunlar devreye giriyorlard\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Fakat beklenen b\u00fcy\u00fck hamleler bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131lam\u0131yordu. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemde kurulan bu devletler, ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki iki kutuplu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131nda yol ald\u0131lar. Bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na ayak uydurmas\u0131 istenmeyen Afrika \u00fclkeleri ne yap\u0131p edip bu girdaptan \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 bekliyordu. Onlar\u0131n imdad\u0131na, Sovyetler\u2019in 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n hemen ba\u015f\u0131nda par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 yeti\u015fti ve 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar ciddi bir nefes ald\u0131lar. Bu defa devreye ba\u015fta \u00c7in olmak \u00fczere Hindistan ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki baz\u0131 K\u00f6rfez \u00fclkeleri girdi. Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok alanda bir taraftan eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ba\u015fkentlerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 gev\u015ferken, di\u011fer taraftan \u00f6nlerine yeni f\u0131rsatlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

TEMEL SEBEP<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u015eimdilerde Afrika ve bor\u00e7lanma denilince akla ilk gelen \u00fclke \u00c7in olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bunda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck hakl\u0131l\u0131k pay\u0131 var. Ancak Afrika\u2019y\u0131 ona iten temel sebep ise Avrupal\u0131 eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler dahil pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin her alanda deste\u011fe muhta\u00e7 bu k\u0131taya gereken ilgiyi g\u00f6stermemeleridir. \u0130n\u015fa etmeleri gereken kara ve demiryollar\u0131, i\u00e7me suyu, deniz ve hava limanlar\u0131, e\u011fitimden sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa her t\u00fcrl\u00fc altyap\u0131 i\u00e7in finans kayna\u011f\u0131 acil ihtiya\u00e7t\u0131. Bu konuda kesenin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yeteri kadar a\u00e7mayan Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n yerini \u00c7inliler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda bile bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zel kredi \u015firketlerinin verdikleri miktarlar, hen\u00fcz \u00c7in\u2019in \u00e7ok \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir konumda.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika isminin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi her ortamda mutlaka s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin akla gelmesi, asl\u0131nda bir mant\u0131k oyunu gibi ve kas\u0131tl\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle de bu k\u0131tan\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 as\u0131rlarca yerel hi\u00e7bir idarenin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 almadan t\u00fcketenler bunu \u00e7ok yap\u0131yor. En fazla dillendirdikleri konu, sonunda \u00c7in\u2019in bor\u00e7land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeleri bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirece\u011fine dair \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleridir. Bunda hakl\u0131l\u0131k paylar\u0131 elbette ki \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek. Zira en basitinden herkesin \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Sri Lanka var. \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan verilen kredilerle \u00fclkenin en hayati konuma sahip liman\u0131n\u0131n yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi i\u00e7in al\u0131nan 1.4 milyar dolarl\u0131k kredi zaman\u0131nda \u00f6denmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 99 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na bu devasa gelir kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. K\u0131tay\u0131 bor\u00e7 bata\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi su\u00e7lamas\u0131 ise \u00c7inli devlet adamlar\u0131 ve t\u00fcm etkili \u00e7evrelerce reddediliyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

BOR\u00c7LULAR L\u0130G\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika\u2019da hem s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde hem de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kla birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u00fcresince eski s\u00f6m\u00fcren devlet olan Portekiz taraf\u0131ndan hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 \u00e7ok az t\u00fcketilebilen \u00fclkelerden biri Angola idi. \u00c7in, k\u0131sa zamanda ba\u015fta petrol olmak \u00fczere bu \u00fclkenin pek \u00e7ok hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck mali kaynaklar aktard\u0131. Son 20 y\u0131lda \u00fclkenin ba\u015fkenti Luanda ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere her taraf\u0131 modern binalarla donat\u0131ld\u0131. Yaln\u0131z bunun bir bedeli vard\u0131 ve bug\u00fcn\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

25 milyar dolarla Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkesi konumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sadece 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019e 6.7 milyar dolar bor\u00e7 \u00f6demesi gerekiyordu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Bu \u00fclkeyi 13.5 milyar dolarla Etiyopya, 7.3 milyar dolarla Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, 6.4 milyar dolarla Sudan, 6 milyar dolarla Zambiya, 5.5 milyar dolarla Kamerun, 4.8 milyar dolarla Nijerya ve 3.5 milyar dolarla Gana takip ediyor. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika \u00fclkelerinin en fazla bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00c7in \u00f6nde geliyor. Zaten 2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ticaret hacminin 180 milyar dolar\u0131 bulmas\u0131, 2020 i\u00e7in 400 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, bazen her y\u0131l katlanarak giden bir etkile\u015fimi g\u00f6steriyordu. Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6demeleri t\u00fcm zorluklara ra\u011fmen zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lacakken araya Covid salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n girmesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck aksamalar ya\u015fand\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7in, uluslararas\u0131 bor\u00e7lanma anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 konusuyla alakal\u0131 Paris Formu \u00fcyesi de\u011fil. Haliyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7land\u0131rmalar, \u015feffafl\u0131ktan uzak kal\u0131yor. Suudi Arabistan\u2019da 2020\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen G20 Zirvesi \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m oldu ve \u00c7in dahil \u00fclkelerin ikili alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n konusu ele al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu giri\u015fim, tarihi bir ad\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendirildi. Bor\u00e7lar iptal edilemezdi ama yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131labilirdi. Toplam 73 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 40 Afrika \u00fclkesi vard\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131 2021 Haziran ay\u0131na kadar ask\u0131ya al\u0131narak uzat\u0131ld\u0131. Sadece \u00c7in\u2019in 2020\u2019de alacaklar\u0131 2.1 milyar dolar\u0131 buluyor ve Fransa bu \u00fclkeyi 800 milyon dolar alacakla ikinci s\u0131rada takip ediyordu. B\u00f6ylece G20 \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler toplam 5.3 milyar dolar\u0131 ask\u0131ya ald\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00c7IKMAZA G\u0130REN \u00dcLKELER<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7in, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunun y\u00fczde 31\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zel kredi kurulu\u015flar\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu, kendisinin ise y\u00fczde 17 seviyesinde bulundu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Yine bat\u0131l\u0131 kredi verenler en az y\u00fczde 5 faiz uygularken, \u00c7in\u2019in faizleri y\u00fczde 2.7 seviyesinde kal\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Ne var ki, t\u00fcm bu bor\u00e7lar, 2012\u2019de Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n GSYH\u2019sinin neredeyse y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 seviyesindeyken, 2019\u2019da y\u00fczde 62\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ise daha y\u00fcksek oranlar\u0131 bile g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Angola, Zambiya, Gana ve Gabon gibi \u00fclkeler gelirlerinin y\u00fczde 40\u2019tan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerine ay\u0131r\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

GEL\u0130R\u0130N % 60\u2019I<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00d6zellikle Angola, bu konuda iyice \u00e7\u0131kmaza girmi\u015f durumda ve gelirlerinin y\u00fczde 60\u2019l\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesine ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Haliyle \u00c7in\u2019in bat\u0131l\u0131 bor\u00e7 verenlere kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131 da anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitiriyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Yak\u0131n zamanda Sri Lanka\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek \u00fclkelerin say\u0131s\u0131 artacak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Zambiya Telekom \u0130daresi \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda bu s\u00fcrece giren \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yerini ald\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r, Tunus ve Gana gibi \u00fclkeler yak\u0131n gelecekte bor\u00e7lanmada \u00e7ekecekleri s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 hissetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar bile. K\u0131ta, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesinde zor bir d\u00f6nemece girdi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu konuda meydan okuyacak bir cephe olu\u015fturabilirse s\u00fcreci rahatlatabilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

TOPYEK\u00dbN ABANMA\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7in\u2019in Afrika\u2019ya adeta topyek\u00fbn abanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131nacak gibi de\u011fil. Zira petrol ve bak\u0131r dahil pek \u00e7ok hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fu ana kadar k\u0131tan\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde altyap\u0131 projelerine 148 milyar dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131. Yeni ipek yollar\u0131 in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015fti\u011fi bu at\u0131l\u0131m, kendisinden mali kaynak talep eden \u00fclkeleri ileride \u00f6denip \u00f6denmeyece\u011fine bakmadan as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7land\u0131rma oldu\u011fu itham\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor. Bor\u00e7 verme y\u00f6ntemi ise silo etkisinde olup hi\u00e7 kimse, kimin nereye, ne kadar kredi aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bilgi sahibi olam\u0131yor. 232 milyar dolar olan Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f borcu, 2019\u2019da 546 milyar dolara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu miktar, 2022 itibar\u0131yla Afrika genelinde yap\u0131lanlarla 700 milyar dolar\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika, 100 milyar dolar\u0131 ise Ma\u011frip \u00fclkelerinin olmak \u00fczere toplamda 800 milyar dolar\u0131 buldu ve bunun be\u015fte biri \u00c7inlilerce verildi.<\/span><\/p>","slug":"afrikaya-borc-kusatmasi","tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"view_count":4653,"cropped_1200x675":null,"user":{"id":30,"name":"AHMET","surname":"KAVAS","email":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas@gmail.com","slug":"prof-dr-ahmet-kavas","avatar":"\/front\/uploads\/avatar\/17336916002RXDhDXyMw3kEXW.webp","status":1,"role":1,"email_verified_at":null,"orde":null,"created_at":"2022-10-24T11:09:13.000000Z","updated_at":"2024-12-18T09:44:44.000000Z","seo_title":null,"seo_description":null},"translations":[{"id":37556,"is_featured":0,"is_amp":0,"is_ads":0,"ads_link":null,"post_id":37430,"locale":"tr","category_id":73,"title":"Afrika\u2019ya bor\u00e7 ku\u015fatmas\u0131","home_title":null,"sub_title":null,"slider_title":null,"slider_title_2":null,"slider_spot_title":null,"slider_spot_title_2":null,"subtitleuse":0,"description":"PROF. DR. AHMET KAVAS","content":"


<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f borcu, 2019\u2019da 546 milyar dolara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2022 itibar\u0131yla Afrika genelinde toplam bor\u00e7lanma tutar\u0131; 700 milyar dolar\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika, 100 milyar dolar\u0131 ise Ma\u011frip \u00fclkelerinin olmak \u00fczere 800 milyar dolar\u0131 buldu. Bu borcun be\u015fte biri ise \u00c7in\u2019den al\u0131nd\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika\u2019da 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda elde edilen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klarla birlikte yeni kurulan devletlerin hazinelerinde kendi kendilerine yetecek kaynaklar\u0131 yoktu. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izilen 85 bin km kara s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, \u00fclkelerin adeta ellerini ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sadece kendilerine takdir edilen co\u011frafyada, bir taraftan yeni kimlikleri ile di\u011fer taraftan da h\u0131zla geli\u015fen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ekonomik yap\u0131lara sahiplerle ayn\u0131 istikamette ilerleyeceklerdi. Atacaklar\u0131 her ad\u0131m, ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck finans kaynaklar\u0131 ile olabilirdi. Kendilerinde ise bizzat i\u015fletmeleri imkans\u0131z hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda gelir getirecek ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yoktu. Hatta yeti\u015fmi\u015f insan kayna\u011f\u0131ndan dahi mahrumdular. Ama ne yap\u0131p edip toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n yol, su, elektrik, konut, liman ve daha bir\u00e7ok ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacaklard\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

K\u0131tadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardaki t\u00fcm d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131 toplamda 6-9 milyar dolar veya en fazla 8 milyar dolar olarak ifade ediliyordu. Yaln\u0131z bu miktar\u0131 \u015fimdiki rakamla bir tutmamak gerekir. Zira o y\u0131llarda de\u011fil milyarlar, milyon dolarl\u0131 rakamlar\u0131n konu\u015fulmas\u0131 bile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir mebla\u011f\u0131 ifade ediyordu. Aradan ge\u00e7en 50 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde bu miktar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede katlanarak artt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

REKOR YILLARI\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

D\u00fcnya genelinde 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ekonomik kriz, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmek bir tarafa s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 daha da katlayarak artt\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131 yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 da ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131nca Afrika\u2019n\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131 bir anda 72.5 milyar dolara \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda ise bor\u00e7lar art\u0131k 184 milyar dolar\u0131 bularak rekor k\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Yeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 alanlarla Afrika\u2019da \u00fclke say\u0131s\u0131 50\u2019yi ge\u00e7mi\u015fti ve 2011\u2019de G\u00fcney Sudan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile 54\u2019e y\u00fckseldi. Afrika, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda k\u0131talar aras\u0131nda oy say\u0131s\u0131yla en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc siyasi konuma sahip k\u0131ta olsa da ekonomik olarak her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha \u00e7ok d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getiriliyor. Bunu da sadece \u00c7in de\u011fil, ondan \u00f6nce ba\u015flayan bor\u00e7land\u0131rma usul\u00fcyle yap\u0131yorlar.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Neredeyse 1 trilyon dolar gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bor\u00e7 Afrika \u00fclkelerinin \u00fcstesinden gelmesi zor bir seviye olacak. Her ne kadar Asya \u00fclkelerinin bor\u00e7 toplam\u0131 7 trilyon dolar\u0131 bulsa da o k\u0131tan\u0131n genel ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc i\u00e7inde \u00f6denme noktas\u0131nda makul g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7\u0130N\u2019\u0130N DEVREYE G\u0130R\u0130\u015e\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika \u00fclkeleri bor\u00e7 almazsalar \u00fclkelerinin en zaruri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dahi kar\u015f\u0131layam\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00d6nlerinde bor\u00e7lanmadan ilerleme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 yoktu. Eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci \u00fclkeler, daha ziyade de \u00f6zel bor\u00e7land\u0131rma yapan \u015firketler vard\u0131. Daha \u00e7ok da bunlar devreye giriyorlard\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Fakat beklenen b\u00fcy\u00fck hamleler bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131lam\u0131yordu. So\u011fuk Sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fi d\u00f6nemde kurulan bu devletler, ABD ve Sovyetler Birli\u011fi aras\u0131ndaki iki kutuplu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131nda yol ald\u0131lar. Bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131na ayak uydurmas\u0131 istenmeyen Afrika \u00fclkeleri ne yap\u0131p edip bu girdaptan \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 bekliyordu. Onlar\u0131n imdad\u0131na, Sovyetler\u2019in 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131n hemen ba\u015f\u0131nda par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 yeti\u015fti ve 2000\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar ciddi bir nefes ald\u0131lar. Bu defa devreye ba\u015fta \u00c7in olmak \u00fczere Hindistan ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki baz\u0131 K\u00f6rfez \u00fclkeleri girdi. Afrikal\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131n\u0131n bir\u00e7ok alanda bir taraftan eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrge ba\u015fkentlerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 gev\u015ferken, di\u011fer taraftan \u00f6nlerine yeni f\u0131rsatlar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

TEMEL SEBEP<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u015eimdilerde Afrika ve bor\u00e7lanma denilince akla ilk gelen \u00fclke \u00c7in olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bunda \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck hakl\u0131l\u0131k pay\u0131 var. Ancak Afrika\u2019y\u0131 ona iten temel sebep ise Avrupal\u0131 eski s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler dahil pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin her alanda deste\u011fe muhta\u00e7 bu k\u0131taya gereken ilgiyi g\u00f6stermemeleridir. \u0130n\u015fa etmeleri gereken kara ve demiryollar\u0131, i\u00e7me suyu, deniz ve hava limanlar\u0131, e\u011fitimden sa\u011fl\u0131\u011fa her t\u00fcrl\u00fc altyap\u0131 i\u00e7in finans kayna\u011f\u0131 acil ihtiya\u00e7t\u0131. Bu konuda kesenin a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc yeteri kadar a\u00e7mayan Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n yerini \u00c7inliler almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat 2020\u2019li y\u0131llarda bile bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zel kredi \u015firketlerinin verdikleri miktarlar, hen\u00fcz \u00c7in\u2019in \u00e7ok \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir konumda.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika isminin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi her ortamda mutlaka s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin akla gelmesi, asl\u0131nda bir mant\u0131k oyunu gibi ve kas\u0131tl\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle de bu k\u0131tan\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 as\u0131rlarca yerel hi\u00e7bir idarenin r\u0131zas\u0131n\u0131 almadan t\u00fcketenler bunu \u00e7ok yap\u0131yor. En fazla dillendirdikleri konu, sonunda \u00c7in\u2019in bor\u00e7land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeleri bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirece\u011fine dair \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleridir. Bunda hakl\u0131l\u0131k paylar\u0131 elbette ki \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek. Zira en basitinden herkesin \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi Sri Lanka var. \u00c7in taraf\u0131ndan verilen kredilerle \u00fclkenin en hayati konuma sahip liman\u0131n\u0131n yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi i\u00e7in al\u0131nan 1.4 milyar dolarl\u0131k kredi zaman\u0131nda \u00f6denmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in 99 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na bu devasa gelir kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. K\u0131tay\u0131 bor\u00e7 bata\u011f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi su\u00e7lamas\u0131 ise \u00c7inli devlet adamlar\u0131 ve t\u00fcm etkili \u00e7evrelerce reddediliyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

BOR\u00c7LULAR L\u0130G\u0130<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika\u2019da hem s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde hem de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131kla birlikte ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u00fcresince eski s\u00f6m\u00fcren devlet olan Portekiz taraf\u0131ndan hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 \u00e7ok az t\u00fcketilebilen \u00fclkelerden biri Angola idi. \u00c7in, k\u0131sa zamanda ba\u015fta petrol olmak \u00fczere bu \u00fclkenin pek \u00e7ok hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle altyap\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck mali kaynaklar aktard\u0131. Son 20 y\u0131lda \u00fclkenin ba\u015fkenti Luanda ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere her taraf\u0131 modern binalarla donat\u0131ld\u0131. Yaln\u0131z bunun bir bedeli vard\u0131 ve bug\u00fcn\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

25 milyar dolarla Afrika\u2019n\u0131n en bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkesi konumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Sadece 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019e 6.7 milyar dolar bor\u00e7 \u00f6demesi gerekiyordu.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Bu \u00fclkeyi 13.5 milyar dolarla Etiyopya, 7.3 milyar dolarla Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, 6.4 milyar dolarla Sudan, 6 milyar dolarla Zambiya, 5.5 milyar dolarla Kamerun, 4.8 milyar dolarla Nijerya ve 3.5 milyar dolarla Gana takip ediyor. \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Afrika \u00fclkelerinin en fazla bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u00c7in \u00f6nde geliyor. Zaten 2015 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ticaret hacminin 180 milyar dolar\u0131 bulmas\u0131, 2020 i\u00e7in 400 milyar dolar\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, bazen her y\u0131l katlanarak giden bir etkile\u015fimi g\u00f6steriyordu. Bunlar\u0131n \u00f6demeleri t\u00fcm zorluklara ra\u011fmen zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131lacakken araya Covid salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n girmesiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck aksamalar ya\u015fand\u0131.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7in, uluslararas\u0131 bor\u00e7lanma anla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131lanmalar\u0131 konusuyla alakal\u0131 Paris Formu \u00fcyesi de\u011fil. Haliyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bor\u00e7land\u0131rmalar, \u015feffafl\u0131ktan uzak kal\u0131yor. Suudi Arabistan\u2019da 2020\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen G20 Zirvesi \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m oldu ve \u00c7in dahil \u00fclkelerin ikili alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n konusu ele al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu giri\u015fim, tarihi bir ad\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendirildi. Bor\u00e7lar iptal edilemezdi ama yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131r\u0131labilirdi. Toplam 73 \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 40 Afrika \u00fclkesi vard\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131 2021 Haziran ay\u0131na kadar ask\u0131ya al\u0131narak uzat\u0131ld\u0131. Sadece \u00c7in\u2019in 2020\u2019de alacaklar\u0131 2.1 milyar dolar\u0131 buluyor ve Fransa bu \u00fclkeyi 800 milyon dolar alacakla ikinci s\u0131rada takip ediyordu. B\u00f6ylece G20 \u00fcyesi \u00fclkeler toplam 5.3 milyar dolar\u0131 ask\u0131ya ald\u0131.<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00c7IKMAZA G\u0130REN \u00dcLKELER<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7in, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bunun y\u00fczde 31\u2019lik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6zel kredi kurulu\u015flar\u0131na ait oldu\u011funu, kendisinin ise y\u00fczde 17 seviyesinde bulundu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Yine bat\u0131l\u0131 kredi verenler en az y\u00fczde 5 faiz uygularken, \u00c7in\u2019in faizleri y\u00fczde 2.7 seviyesinde kal\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Ne var ki, t\u00fcm bu bor\u00e7lar, 2012\u2019de Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n GSYH\u2019sinin neredeyse y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 seviyesindeyken, 2019\u2019da y\u00fczde 62\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde ise daha y\u00fcksek oranlar\u0131 bile g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Angola, Zambiya, Gana ve Gabon gibi \u00fclkeler gelirlerinin y\u00fczde 40\u2019tan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerine ay\u0131r\u0131yor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

GEL\u0130R\u0130N % 60\u2019I<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00d6zellikle Angola, bu konuda iyice \u00e7\u0131kmaza girmi\u015f durumda ve gelirlerinin y\u00fczde 60\u2019l\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesine ay\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Haliyle \u00c7in\u2019in bat\u0131l\u0131 bor\u00e7 verenlere kar\u015f\u0131 savunmas\u0131 da anlam\u0131n\u0131 yitiriyor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Yak\u0131n zamanda Sri Lanka\u2019ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecek \u00fclkelerin say\u0131s\u0131 artacak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Zambiya Telekom \u0130daresi \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131llarda bu s\u00fcrece giren \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yerini ald\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r, Tunus ve Gana gibi \u00fclkeler yak\u0131n gelecekte bor\u00e7lanmada \u00e7ekecekleri s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 hissetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar bile. K\u0131ta, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesinde zor bir d\u00f6nemece girdi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu konuda meydan okuyacak bir cephe olu\u015fturabilirse s\u00fcreci rahatlatabilir.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

TOPYEK\u00dbN ABANMA\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>

\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

\u00c7in\u2019in Afrika\u2019ya adeta topyek\u00fbn abanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131nacak gibi de\u011fil. Zira petrol ve bak\u0131r dahil pek \u00e7ok hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etme kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fu ana kadar k\u0131tan\u0131n farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerinde altyap\u0131 projelerine 148 milyar dolar yat\u0131r\u0131m yapt\u0131. Yeni ipek yollar\u0131 in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015fti\u011fi bu at\u0131l\u0131m, kendisinden mali kaynak talep eden \u00fclkeleri ileride \u00f6denip \u00f6denmeyece\u011fine bakmadan as\u0131l amac\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7land\u0131rma oldu\u011fu itham\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yor. Bor\u00e7 verme y\u00f6ntemi ise silo etkisinde olup hi\u00e7 kimse, kimin nereye, ne kadar kredi aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda bilgi sahibi olam\u0131yor. 232 milyar dolar olan Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f borcu, 2019\u2019da 546 milyar dolara ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu miktar, 2022 itibar\u0131yla Afrika genelinde yap\u0131lanlarla 700 milyar dolar\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika, 100 milyar dolar\u0131 ise Ma\u011frip \u00fclkelerinin olmak \u00fczere toplamda 800 milyar dolar\u0131 buldu ve bunun be\u015fte biri \u00c7inlilerce verildi.<\/span><\/p>","slug":"afrikaya-borc-kusatmasi","orjinalimage":null,"news_cover_min":null,"news_cover":null,"news_video_min":null,"news_video":null,"cropped_638x552":null,"cropped_310x208":null,"cropped_416x247":null,"cropped_197x247":null,"cropped_416x600":null,"cropped_1200x675":null,"tags":null,"meta_title":null,"meta_description":null,"meta_keywords":null,"view_count":4653,"yt":0,"ytid":"","ytimage":null,"imgdate":"2000-01-01 00:00:00","cuff_cover":null,"cropped_358x214":null,"cropped_842x474":null}]}}